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Article

Chirped Soliton Perturbation and Benjamin–Feir Instability of Chen–Lee–Liu Equation with Full Nonlinearity

by
Khalil S. Al-Ghafri
1,* and
Anjan Biswas
2,3,4,5
1
Mathematics and Computing Skills Unit, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 466, Ibri 516, Oman
2
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA 71245-2715, USA
3
Department of Physics and Electronics, Khazar University, Baku AZ1096, Azerbaijan
4
Department of Applied Sciences, Cross-Border Faculty of Humanities, Economics and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
5
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mathematics 2025, 13(14), 2261; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142261 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 June 2025 / Revised: 9 July 2025 / Accepted: 10 July 2025 / Published: 12 July 2025

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to detect chirped optical solitons of the perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu equation with full nonlinearity. By virtue of the traveling wave hypothesis, the discussed model is reduced to a simple form known as an elliptic equation. The latter equation, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation, is handled by the undetermined coefficient method of two forms expressed in terms of the hyperbolic secant and tangent functions. Additionally, the auxiliary equation method is applied to derive several miscellaneous solutions. Various types of chirped solitons are revealed such as W-shaped, bright, dark, gray, kink and anti-kink waves. Taking into consideration the existence conditions, the dynamical behaviors of optical solitons and their corresponding chirp are illustrated. The modulation instability of the perturbed CLL equation is examined by means of the linear stability analysis. It is found that all solutions are stable against small perturbations. These entirely new results, compared to previous works, can be employed to understand pulse propagation in optical fiber mediums and dynamic characteristics of waves in plasma.
Keywords: chirped solitons; perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu equation; undetermined coefficient method; auxiliary equation scheme; modulation instability chirped solitons; perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu equation; undetermined coefficient method; auxiliary equation scheme; modulation instability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Ghafri, K.S.; Biswas, A. Chirped Soliton Perturbation and Benjamin–Feir Instability of Chen–Lee–Liu Equation with Full Nonlinearity. Mathematics 2025, 13, 2261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142261

AMA Style

Al-Ghafri KS, Biswas A. Chirped Soliton Perturbation and Benjamin–Feir Instability of Chen–Lee–Liu Equation with Full Nonlinearity. Mathematics. 2025; 13(14):2261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142261

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Ghafri, Khalil S., and Anjan Biswas. 2025. "Chirped Soliton Perturbation and Benjamin–Feir Instability of Chen–Lee–Liu Equation with Full Nonlinearity" Mathematics 13, no. 14: 2261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142261

APA Style

Al-Ghafri, K. S., & Biswas, A. (2025). Chirped Soliton Perturbation and Benjamin–Feir Instability of Chen–Lee–Liu Equation with Full Nonlinearity. Mathematics, 13(14), 2261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142261

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