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Volume 13
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10.3390/pharmacy13020046
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Systematic Review

Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence

by
Josiah Moore
1,
Ndidi Iheme
1,
Nicholas S. Rebold
1,
Harriet Kusi
2,
Constance Mere
3,
Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu
3,
Earl Ettienne
1,
Weerachai Chaijamorn
4 and
Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul
1,*
1
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USA
2
Department of Pharmacy, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
3
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
4
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmacy 2025, 13(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020046
Submission received: 26 December 2024 / Revised: 11 March 2025 / Accepted: 17 March 2025 / Published: 19 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Optimization of Drug Utilization and Medication Adherence)
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Abstract

Introduction: Health disparities affecting minority populations and resulting in poorer outcomes for disadvantaged groups have been documented in the literature. Sodium/glucose-cotransporter 2 (SGLT2i) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) markedly decrease mortality from kidney and cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the factors and disparities that lead to differences in SGLT2i and GLP-1RA initiation across different ethnic groups. Methods: This scoping review queried databases using key terms related to disparities in the initiation of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA among high-risk populations. Relevant data from eligible studies were extracted, organized, and analyzed thematically to identify key trends and patterns in the literature. Result: Nineteen studies were included in this review. Key risk factors influencing uptake included age, provider type, race, sex, education, comorbidities, insurance, and income, with minority patients consistently showing lower rates of initiation due to systemic barriers and socioeconomic disparities. Patients who were younger, male, had higher education or income levels, and received care from specialists were more likely to use these therapies. Conclusion: The adoption of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA remains suboptimal despite their proven kidney and cardiovascular benefits. Targeted efforts to reduce socioeconomic and racial inequities based on the factors identified should be encouraged.
Keywords: disparity; medication; minority; initiation disparity; medication; minority; initiation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moore, J.; Iheme, N.; Rebold, N.S.; Kusi, H.; Mere, C.; Nwaogwugwu, U.; Ettienne, E.; Chaijamorn, W.; Rungkitwattanakul, D. Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence. Pharmacy 2025, 13, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020046

AMA Style

Moore J, Iheme N, Rebold NS, Kusi H, Mere C, Nwaogwugwu U, Ettienne E, Chaijamorn W, Rungkitwattanakul D. Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence. Pharmacy. 2025; 13(2):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020046

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moore, Josiah, Ndidi Iheme, Nicholas S. Rebold, Harriet Kusi, Constance Mere, Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu, Earl Ettienne, Weerachai Chaijamorn, and Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul. 2025. "Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence" Pharmacy 13, no. 2: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020046

APA Style

Moore, J., Iheme, N., Rebold, N. S., Kusi, H., Mere, C., Nwaogwugwu, U., Ettienne, E., Chaijamorn, W., & Rungkitwattanakul, D. (2025). Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence. Pharmacy, 13(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020046

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