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Article

Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations

by
Timothy T. Takahashi
Aerospace Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Aerospace 2025, 12(8), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695
Submission received: 8 July 2025 / Revised: 25 July 2025 / Accepted: 31 July 2025 / Published: 2 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)

Abstract

This paper develops empirical relationships to estimate FAA/EASA and MIL-3013B rules-compliant take-off field performance for single and multi-engine aircraft. Recent experience with modern aircraft flight manuals revealed that popular empirical legacy methods are no longer accurate; improvements in tires and brakes lead to significantly shorter certified distances. This work relies upon a survey of current operational aircraft and extensive numerical simulations of generic configurations to support the development of a collection of new equations to estimate take-off performance for single and multi-engine aircraft under dry and wet conditions. These relationships are individually tailored for civilian and U.S. Military rules; they account for the superior capability of modern braking systems and the implications of minimum-control speed on the certified distance.
Keywords: take-off; dispatch; flight mechanics; civil aviation; military aviation take-off; dispatch; flight mechanics; civil aviation; military aviation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Takahashi, T.T. Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations. Aerospace 2025, 12, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695

AMA Style

Takahashi TT. Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations. Aerospace. 2025; 12(8):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takahashi, Timothy T. 2025. "Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations" Aerospace 12, no. 8: 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695

APA Style

Takahashi, T. T. (2025). Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations. Aerospace, 12(8), 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695

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