Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples

A special issue of Aerospace (ISSN 2226-4310). This special issue belongs to the section "Aeronautics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 4855

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ, USA
Interests: aircraft design; aircraft performance; aerodynamics; propulsion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We seek technical papers related to the conceptual design of atmospheric flight vehicles including fixed- and rotary-wing vehicles, vehicles capable of subsonic through to hypersonic speeds, micro air vehicles and very large aircraft, general aviation vehicles, urban/on-demand mobility vehicles, and manned or unmanned aircraft. Because aircraft operators have renewed their interest in unconventional missions, which employ strategies that range from global-range high-speed cruising to zero-runway-length urban-based movement, the community focused on the technological aspects of aircraft has made significant progress in almost all traditional core aspects of aircraft: avionics (autonomy, sensors, and controls); materials and processes (manufacturing, compositions, and high-temperature materials); aerodynamics (flow control); and propulsion (alternative fuels, cycles, and electrification). Because of this, the design of future aircraft will need to employ novel or updated conceptual design tools and processes to support the trade studies necessary to establish their final, detailed specifications.

This Special Issue aims to present the most recent advancements in disciplines related to the conceptual design of aircraft, including, but not limited to, tools and processes which address the following areas:

  • Aerodynamic forces and moments;
  • Predictive methods used for aircraft weight and mass properties;
  • External vehicle geometry and layout;
  • Internal vehicle geometry and layout;
  • Aircraft systems—size, weight, and power;
  • Aircraft flight mechanics—performance and stability and control methods;
  • Aircraft propulsion modelling;
  • Aircraft design tools and processes which improve safety and ensure regulatory compliance.

We also seek papers showcasing system-level design studies of complete aircraft (both traditional and unconventional), as well as papers covering the requirements of the development process, with a focus on the following:

  • Complete aircraft design;
  • Aircraft design case studies and operational market and systems engineering Analyses;
  • Aircraft requirement studies which drive system design; i.e., UAM, airport, air taxi, and hub and spoke studies;
  • Assessment of integrated propulsion concepts at the aircraft level (open rotor, hybrid electric, H2, etc.);
  • Assessment of integrated new technologies at the aircraft level (performance, production, cost);
  • Conceptual design tool integration for aircraft (MBSE).

Prof. Dr. Timothy Takahashi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • aircraft design
  • design engineering
  • systems engineering
  • conceptual design
  • certification
  • aerodynamics
  • propulsion
  • structures
  • mass properties
  • operations research

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 5117 KB  
Article
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization for the Conceptual Design of Supersonic Civil Aircraft Based on Full-Carpet Sonic Boom/Aerodynamic Characteristics Employing Differential Evolution
by Yuyu Duan, Chonweng Wan, Runze Li and Haixin Chen
Aerospace 2026, 13(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13010096 - 15 Jan 2026
Viewed by 411
Abstract
Reducing the sonic boom intensity and increasing the cruise lift-to-drag ratio are pivotal technologies for the successful development of supersonic civil aircraft. To address the limitation that sonic boom research primarily focuses on characteristics directly beneath the flight track, a full-carpet sonic boom [...] Read more.
Reducing the sonic boom intensity and increasing the cruise lift-to-drag ratio are pivotal technologies for the successful development of supersonic civil aircraft. To address the limitation that sonic boom research primarily focuses on characteristics directly beneath the flight track, a full-carpet sonic boom and aerodynamic characteristics prediction software (AERO-BOOM) was independently developed. This software is based on the Panel Method, Modified Linearized Theory, the Waveform Parameter Method, and the Stevens Perceived Noise Evaluation Method. AERO-BOOM can efficiently assess the lift-to-drag ratio and the full-carpet sonic boom characteristics of supersonic civil aircraft. Building upon this software, a Multidisciplinary Optimization design platform for full-carpet sonic boom and aerodynamic characteristics of supersonic civil aircraft was established, utilizing an in-house hybrid surrogate-aided differential evolution optimization algorithm. For a supersonic civil aircraft, both fuselage optimization and overall aircraft optimization were conducted. The optimization objectives were the lift-to-drag ratio and the full-carpet sonic boom loudness (FBL). The optimization results demonstrate that fuselage optimization (e.g., employing a downward-cambered nose) increased the lift-to-drag ratio by 0.26 and reduced the FBL by 0.62 PLdB. Furthermore, the overall aircraft optimization (involving modifications to the wing planform and increasing the tail sweep angle) yielded a 1.51 increase in the lift-to-drag ratio and a 1.09 PLdB reduction in the FBL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)
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20 pages, 18283 KB  
Article
Aerodynamic Effects of the Oblique Angle and the Asymmetric Leading-Edge Sweep on an Oblique-Wing Aircraft
by Zhuo Liu, Huajun Sun, Heng Zhang, Jie Li and Weijia Fu
Aerospace 2026, 13(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13010091 - 15 Jan 2026
Viewed by 587
Abstract
Compared with conventional symmetric aircraft, the oblique-wing aircraft offers significant advantages across a wide speed range due to the variable oblique angle. However, the asymmetric aerodynamic characteristics will arise from the differential leading-edge sweep between the forward and aft wings during the rotation [...] Read more.
Compared with conventional symmetric aircraft, the oblique-wing aircraft offers significant advantages across a wide speed range due to the variable oblique angle. However, the asymmetric aerodynamic characteristics will arise from the differential leading-edge sweep between the forward and aft wings during the rotation process. This study investigates the aerodynamic effects of a conceptual oblique-wing configuration at transonic (Mach 0.85) and supersonic (Mach 1.40) flight conditions. For the baseline design, peak lift-to-drag ratio occurs at oblique angles of 30° and 60°, respectively. Analysis at Mach 0.85 reveals that the forward wing dominates the aerodynamic performance of the whole configuration. The parameter study of the leading-edge sweep confirms that the configuration combining a smaller forward-wing sweep with a larger aft-wing sweep is an effective design for achieving the balanced aerodynamic performance, namely, the forward wing with a 24° leading-edge sweepback angle and the after wing with 33° yield a high lift-to-drag ratio, achieving an optimal trade-off with rolling moment minimization. This drag reduction is achieved through the simultaneous decrease in both wave drag and induced drag. Furthermore, downwash analysis reveals that the inherent rolling moment originates from asymmetric tail loads induced by uneven downwash distribution. These findings provide guidance for the aerodynamic design of future oblique-wing aircraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)
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35 pages, 12068 KB  
Article
Parametric Geometry Modeling for Conceptual Design of Supersonic Tailless Combat Aircraft
by Jian Xu and Xiongqing Yu
Aerospace 2026, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13010017 - 25 Dec 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
The fully tailless configuration has lower observability, less structural weight and less drag, and it is considered one of the preferred designs for the next generation of efficient supersonic combat aircraft. In the conceptual design of such novel aircraft, a parametric geometry model [...] Read more.
The fully tailless configuration has lower observability, less structural weight and less drag, and it is considered one of the preferred designs for the next generation of efficient supersonic combat aircraft. In the conceptual design of such novel aircraft, a parametric geometry model is essential for multidisciplinary design analysis and optimization (MDAO). This paper presents a parametric three-dimensional (3D) geometry modeling methodology and tool for MDAO in the conceptual design of a notional supersonic tailless combat aircraft (STCA). The geometries of the STCA components (wing, fuselage and propulsion) are defined specifically by a set of parameters. In particular, the inlet and nozzle geometries are defined with the required details. Based on the geometric relationships among the STCA components, an approach involving master-dependent parameters is proposed. The geometry model generated by the approach has features such as the fuselage being blended smoothly with the wing and the propulsion being well integrated with the fuselage. Moreover, the geometry model can be generated by simply specifying the values of the master parameters, and the number of parameters required to generate the geometry model is reduced substantially. Based on the methodology, a parametric geometry modeling tool for the STCA conceptual design is developed using a Visual Basic (VB) script in the CATIA V5 platform. The applicability of the tool is validated with several case studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)
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25 pages, 2567 KB  
Article
Development of Improved Empirical Take-Off Equations
by Timothy T. Takahashi
Aerospace 2025, 12(8), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080695 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 2519
Abstract
This paper develops empirical relationships to estimate FAA/EASA and MIL-3013B rules-compliant take-off field performance for single and multi-engine aircraft. Recent experience with modern aircraft flight manuals revealed that popular empirical legacy methods are no longer accurate; improvements in tires and brakes lead to [...] Read more.
This paper develops empirical relationships to estimate FAA/EASA and MIL-3013B rules-compliant take-off field performance for single and multi-engine aircraft. Recent experience with modern aircraft flight manuals revealed that popular empirical legacy methods are no longer accurate; improvements in tires and brakes lead to significantly shorter certified distances. This work relies upon a survey of current operational aircraft and extensive numerical simulations of generic configurations to support the development of a collection of new equations to estimate take-off performance for single and multi-engine aircraft under dry and wet conditions. These relationships are individually tailored for civilian and U.S. Military rules; they account for the superior capability of modern braking systems and the implications of minimum-control speed on the certified distance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)
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