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Article

A Pilot Study with Low-Cost Sensors: Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter Ratios and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil

by
Gustavo de Oliveira Silveira
1,
Gabriella Mello Gomes Vieira de Azevedo
1,
Ronan Adler Tavella
2,
Paula Florencio Ramires
1,
Rodrigo de Lima Brum
1,
Alicia da Silva Bonifácio
1,
Ricardo Arend Machado
1,
Letícia Willrich Brum
1,
Romina Buffarini
1,
Diana Francisca Adamatti
3 and
Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
4,*
1
Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96200-190, Brazil
2
Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
3
Center for Computational Science, University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 996201-900, Brazil
4
Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 996201-900, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Climate 2025, 13(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040071
Submission received: 6 February 2025 / Revised: 20 March 2025 / Accepted: 28 March 2025 / Published: 30 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Air Pollution, Climate, and Public Health)
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Abstract

(1) Background: This study investigated seasonal variations in particulate matter (PM) ratios (PM1/PM2.5, PM2.5/PM10, and PM1/PM10) and their relationship with the meteorological conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil. (2) Methods: PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 levels were collected using low-cost Gaia Air Quality Monitors, which measured PM concentrations at high temporal resolution. Meteorological variables, including atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). The data were analyzed through multiple linear regression to assess the influence of meteorological factors on PM ratios. (3) Results: The results show that the highest PM ratios occurred in winter, indicating a predominance of fine and ultrafine particles, while the lowest ratios were observed in spring and summer. Multiple linear regression analysis identified atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and maximum temperature as the key drivers of PM distribution. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of PM ratios, particularly PM1, which remains underexplored in Brazil. The findings underscore the need for targeted air quality policies emphasizing seasonal mitigation strategies and improved pollution control to minimize the health risks associated with fine and ultrafine PM exposure.
Keywords: particulate matter; air pollution; seasonality; meteorological influences; air quality monitoring particulate matter; air pollution; seasonality; meteorological influences; air quality monitoring

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Silveira, G.d.O.; Azevedo, G.M.G.V.d.; Tavella, R.A.; Ramires, P.F.; Brum, R.d.L.; Bonifácio, A.d.S.; Machado, R.A.; Brum, L.W.; Buffarini, R.; Adamatti, D.F.; et al. A Pilot Study with Low-Cost Sensors: Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter Ratios and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil. Climate 2025, 13, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040071

AMA Style

Silveira GdO, Azevedo GMGVd, Tavella RA, Ramires PF, Brum RdL, Bonifácio AdS, Machado RA, Brum LW, Buffarini R, Adamatti DF, et al. A Pilot Study with Low-Cost Sensors: Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter Ratios and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil. Climate. 2025; 13(4):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040071

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silveira, Gustavo de Oliveira, Gabriella Mello Gomes Vieira de Azevedo, Ronan Adler Tavella, Paula Florencio Ramires, Rodrigo de Lima Brum, Alicia da Silva Bonifácio, Ricardo Arend Machado, Letícia Willrich Brum, Romina Buffarini, Diana Francisca Adamatti, and et al. 2025. "A Pilot Study with Low-Cost Sensors: Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter Ratios and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil" Climate 13, no. 4: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040071

APA Style

Silveira, G. d. O., Azevedo, G. M. G. V. d., Tavella, R. A., Ramires, P. F., Brum, R. d. L., Bonifácio, A. d. S., Machado, R. A., Brum, L. W., Buffarini, R., Adamatti, D. F., & da Silva Júnior, F. M. R. (2025). A Pilot Study with Low-Cost Sensors: Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter Ratios and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Rio Grande, Brazil. Climate, 13(4), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040071

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