Comparison of the Micromorphology and Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains of Selected Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars Grown in Commercial Plantation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Genus Rubus in the Flora of Poland
1.2. Economic Importance
1.3. Morphology of Pollen from the Subfamily Rosoideae
2. Results
2.1. Micromorphology of Pollen Grains
2.1.1. Size and Shape of Pollen Grains
2.1.2. Exine Sculpture
2.2. Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains
2.2.1. Pollen Grain Cell Wall
2.2.2. Protoplast
3. Discussion
3.1. Micromorphology of Pollen Grains
3.2. Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Plant Material
4.2. Fixation of the Material
4.3. Light Microscopy (LM)
4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.6. Morphometric Measurements
4.7. Statistical Analysis of Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar | Year | Length of Axis (μm) | P/E | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polar Axis (P) | Equatorial Axis (E) | ||||||
Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | ||
Biennial Fruiting Cultivars | |||||||
‘Glen Ample’ | 2016 | 24.40–29.88 | 27.38 ± 1.31a | 24.58-29.54 | 26.92 ± 1.51a | 0.95–1.22 | 1.02 ± 0.06a |
2017 | 21.05–27.68 | 24.57 ± 1.38a | 20.60–25.53 | 23.01 ± 1.40b | 1.01–1.13 | 1.07 ± 0.04a | |
2018 | 24.57–29.71 | 26.73 ± 1.22a | 22.09–26.69 | 24.77 ± 1.08ab | 1.01–1.21 | 1.08 ± 0.06a | |
Mean | - | 26.23 ± 1.77A | - | 24.90 ± 2.08A | - | 1.06 ± 0.06A | |
‘Laszka’ | 2016 | 24.68–30.02 | 27.55 ± 1.39ab | 22.06–25.33 | 23.49 ± 0.92b | 1.02–1.30 | 1.17 ± 0.08a |
2017 | 21.30–28.77 | 24.49 ± 1.99b | 19.82–24.84 | 22.20 ± 1.34b | 1.03–1.25 | 1.10 ± 0.05a | |
2018 | 25.99–28.99 | 28.29 ± 0.78a | 24.15–27.30 | 25.40 ± 0.87a | 1.06–1.20 | 1.11 ± 0.04a | |
Mean | - | 26.78 ± 2.20A | 23.70 ± 1.69A | 1.13 ± 0.07A | |||
‘Radziejowa’ | 2016 | 23.00–33.07 | 26.80 ± 2.40a | 23.06–29.95 | 26.98 ± 1.69a | 0.84–1.14 | 1.01 ± 0.07a |
2017 | 22.73–26.43 | 25.13 ± 1.17a | 20.96–26.31 | 23.87 ± 1.61ab | 1.00–1.25 | 1.06 ± 0.06a | |
2018 | 21.29–25.72 | 23.83 ± 1.23a | 18.93–23.97 | 21.35 ± 1.85b | 1.02–1.25 | 1.12 ± 0.08a | |
Mean | - | 25.31 ± 1.88A | - | 24.01 ± 2.97A | - | 1.06 ± 0.08A | |
Cultivars With Repeated Fruiting | |||||||
‘Pokusa’ | 2016 | 25.20–29.04 | 27.56 ± 1.06a | 25.01–29.46 | 26.91 ± 1.19a | 0.93–1.15 | 1.03 ± 0.06a |
2017 | 25.21–31.29 | 27.98 ± 1.69a | 22.92–27.02 | 25.25 ± 1.46ab | 1.00–1.22 | 1.11 ± 0.07a | |
2018 | 24.43–28.90 | 25.86 ± 1.39a | 22.19–25.87 | 24.16 ± 1.05b | 0.98–1.17 | 1.07 ± 0.06a | |
Mean | - | 27.13 ± 1.66A | - | 25.44 ± 1.67A | - | 1.07 ± 0.07A | |
‘Polana’ | 2016 | 25.07–30.63 | 27.73 ± 1.74a | 19.60–28.88 | 23.92 ± 2.25a | 0.92–1.37 | 1.17 ± 0.12a |
2017 | 22.00–27.00 | 25.39 ± 1.52a | 20.67–25.84 | 22.75 ± 1.68a | 1.01–1.28 | 1.12 ± 0.10a | |
2018 | 24.04–29.29 | 26.46 ± 1.58a | 22.20–27.97 | 25.66 ± 1.44a | 0.92–1.14 | 1.03 ± 0.07a | |
Mean | - | 26.53 ± 1.86A | - | 24.11 ± 2.16A | - | 1.11 ± 0.11A | |
‘Polka’ | 2016 | 25.07–30.63 | 27.73 ± 1.74a | 19.60–28.88 | 23.92 ± 2.25b | 0.92–1.37 | 1.17 ± 0.12a |
2017 | 23.36–29.00 | 26.91 ± 1.42a | 25.37–28.68 | 26.68 ± 0.97ab | 0.87–1.09 | 1.01 ± 0.05a | |
2018 | 26.65–32.14 | 29.45 ± 1.59a | 25.46–32.20 | 28.55 ± 1.39a | 0.83–1.19 | 1.03 ± 0.08a | |
Mean | - | 28.03 ± 1.89A | - | 26.38 ± 2.50A | - | 1.07 ± 0.11A |
Cultivars | Width of Muri | Distance Between Muri | Number of Muri | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per 10 µm2 | ||||||
Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | |
nm | Muri/10 µm2 | |||||
Biennial Fruiting Cultivars | ||||||
‘Glen Ample’ | 320–490 | 417. 50 ± 51.32a | 560–870 | 786.25 ± 91.86a | 5.48–9.04 | 8.15 ± 1.01b |
‘Laszka’ | 240–360 | 298.13 ± 30.16b | 490–640 | 574.38 ± 54.28bc | 8.92–12.42 | 11.22 ± 1.01a |
‘Radziejowa’ | 190–330 | 247.75 ± 35.87bc | 660–890 | 781.88 ± 70.26a | 7.42–13.67 | 10.77 ± 1.88ab |
Cultivars with Repeated Fruiting | ||||||
‘Pokusa’ | 130–210 | 161.88 ± 23.73d | 480–780 | 685.63 ± 90.04ab | 7.67–13.56 | 11.55 ± 1.71a |
‘Polana’ | 180–250 | 203.13 ± 24.69c | 420–710 | 521.88 ± 69.50cd | 8.03–12.67 | 10.98 ± 1.53a |
‘Polka’ | 120–210 | 156.25 ± 29.18d | 360–620 | 439.83 ± 68.65d | 9.92–14.97 | 13.03 ± 1.69a |
Cultivars | Diameter of Perforations | Number of Perforations on the Surface of | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | 2-µm Long Colpus | 10 µm2 of Exine | |||||
Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean±SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | |
nm | Perforations/2 µm | Perforations/10 µm2 | ||||||
Biennial Fruiting Cultivars | ||||||||
‘Glen Ample’ | 90–150 | 117.50 ± 17.70e | 100–220 | 151.88 ± 28.10d | 3.70–7.02 | 5.40 ± 0.95ab | 41.14–74.29 | 59.06 ± 10.63b |
‘Laszka’ | 210–290 | 248.75 ± 22.77ab | 250–450 | 323.75 ± 54.39a | 2.08–5.18 | 4.24 ± 0.79b | 56.66–71.02 | 65.01 ± 4.46b |
‘Radziejowa’ | 200–330 | 258.13 ± 44,46a | 210–390 | 306.25 ± 59.09a | 4.53–8.03 | 6.40 ± 1.19a | 70.65–130.43 | 91.97 ± 18.87a |
Cultivars with Repeated Fruiting | ||||||||
‘Pokusa’ | 120–220 | 167.50 ± 24.36cd | 160–260 | 208.75 ± 31.60bc | 2.01–3.97 | 2.68 ± 0.53c | 32.84–47.06 | 38.47 ± 4.11c |
‘Polana’ | 130–240 | 193.75 ± 38.62bc | 210–310 | 268.75 ± 32.84ab | 5.03–8.13 | 6.29 ± 1.01a | 60.91–89.55 | 75.35 ± 6.71ab |
‘Polka’ | 110–170 | 131.25 ± 21.25de | 120–220 | 173.13 ± 29.38cd | 5.05–8.79 | 6.82 ± 1.15a | 49.51–88.61 | 71.68 ± 9.64ab |
Cultivars | Thickness of Tectum | Height of Columellae | Thickness of Columellae | Distance Between Columellae | Thickness of Foot Layer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ±SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ±SD | |
Biennial Fruiting Cultivars | ||||||||||
‘Glen Ample’ | 360–540 | 430.75 ± 48.51a | 260–510 | 402.50 ± 73.89a | 180–310 | 241.88 ± 40.53a | 270 ± 490 | 406.67 ± 69.73a | 110–190 | 148.63 ± 23.34a |
‘Laszka’ | 170–250 | 209.06 ± 23.11c | 240–390 | 299.06 ± 49.61a | 200–290 | 238.69 ± 25.35a | 230 ± 360 | 296.69 ± 37.85b | 70–90 | 77.75 ± 9.43d |
‘Radziejowa’ | 170–280 | 210.88 ± 36.02bc | 280–470 | 348.13 ± 61.03a | 190–260 | 228.13 ± 18.34a | 250 ± 380 | 331.88 ± 37.10b | 90–120 | 103.13 ± 11.96bc |
Cultivars with Repeated Fruiting | ||||||||||
‘Pokusa’ | 200–270 | 227.50 ± 24.90bc | 270–390 | 335.00 ± 40.33a | 170–260 | 208.13 ± 28.57a | 260–370 | 321.25–37.75b | 90–130 | 109.38 ± 9.98bc |
‘Polana’ | 210–360 | 307.50 ± 43.13b | 300–430 | 369.38 ± 54.59a | 210–320 | 261.25 ± 35.94a | 250 ± 390 | 339.38–39.58ab | 80–130 | 110.04 ± 16.73c |
‘Polka’ | 190–310 | 250.00 ± 43.67bc | 290–440 | 365.01 ± 38.64a | 200–320 | 251.88 ± 34.10a | 220 ± 430 | 330.63–58.71b | 110–150 | 132.50 ± 16.13a |
Cultivars | Ectoexine | Endoexine | Exine | Intine | Cell Wall | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min.–Max. | Mean ± SD | |
Biennial Fruiting Cultivars | ||||||||||
‘Glen Ample’ | 810–1090 | 981.88 ± 82.64a | 70–110 | 90.42 ± 13.44ab | 920–1180 | 1072.26 ± 82.22a | 380–630 | 498.00 ± 74.01a | 1410–1740 | 1570.26 ± 104.13a |
‘Laszka’ | 500–690 | 585.87 ± 62.02c | 50–90 | 76.38 ± 15.04b | 580–780 | 662.25 ± 67.52d | 250–450 | 316.88 ± 54.46bc | 850–1177 | 979.13 ± 100.47b |
‘Radziejowa’ | 550–740 | 662.14 ± 54.63c | 60–90 | 82.09 ± 9.10b | 620–820 | 744.21 ± 55.30d | 320–480 | 393.75 ± 53.77b | 880–1120 | 1137.96 ± 67.42b |
Cultivars with Repeated Fruiting | ||||||||||
‘Pokusa’ | 600–740 | 671.88 ± 44.46bc | 70–100 | 85.63 ± 8.92ab | 690–830 | 757.50 ± 44.35cd | 210–350 | 272.50 ± 37.15cd | 900–1130 | 1030.00 ± 64.81b |
‘Polana’ | 640–890 | 786.92 ± 67.50b | 70–100 | 91.88 ± 9.11ab | 740–980 | 878.75 ± 67.61bc | 410–640 | 540.63 ± 66.28a | 1170–1590 | 1419.38 ± 111.56a |
‘Polka’ | 680–840 | 747.51 ± 46.98b | 90–130 | 107.50 ± 13.42a | 800–940 | 855.00 ± 47.61b | 160–260 | 228.75 ± 30.30d | 990–1200 | 1083.75 ± 55.12b |
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Kostryco, M.; Chwil, M.; Matraszek-Gawron, R. Comparison of the Micromorphology and Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains of Selected Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars Grown in Commercial Plantation. Plants 2020, 9, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091194
Kostryco M, Chwil M, Matraszek-Gawron R. Comparison of the Micromorphology and Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains of Selected Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars Grown in Commercial Plantation. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091194
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostryco, Mikołaj, Mirosława Chwil, and Renata Matraszek-Gawron. 2020. "Comparison of the Micromorphology and Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains of Selected Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars Grown in Commercial Plantation" Plants 9, no. 9: 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091194