Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticholinesterase Activities and Phytochemical Profile of Azorella glabra Wedd
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antioxidant Activity
2.2. Determination of Anticholinesterase Activity of A. glabra Samples
2.3. Potential Antidiabetic Activity of A. glabra Samples
2.4. Identification and Quantification of Phytochemicals
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals, Reagents, and Equipment
3.2. Plant Material and Samples Preparation
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.3.1. Radical Scavenging Activity
3.3.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP)
3.3.3. β-Carotene Bleaching Assay (BCB)
3.4. Determination of Anticholinesterase Activity
3.5. Antidiabetic Activity
3.5.1. α-Amylase Inhibition
3.5.2. α-Glucosidase Inhibition
3.6. Identification and Quantification by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
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Samples | Extraction Yield (%) |
---|---|
Ag EtOH | 9.01 |
AgH | 31.52 |
AgC | 44.50 |
AgEA | 2.23 |
AgB | 5.66 |
AgW | 16.10 |
Samples | DPPH (mgTE/g) | FRAP (mgTE/g) | BCB %AA |
---|---|---|---|
Ag EtOH | 28.17 ± 2.32 a | 73.58 ± 0.71 a | 26.70 ± 0.61 a |
AgH | nc | 18.79 ± 0.66 b | 22.50 ± 0.65 b |
AgC | 5.94 ± 0.27 b | 15.45 ± 0.44 b | 22.18 ± 1.54 b |
AgEA | 240.33 ± 10.73 c | 410.29 ± 5.69 c | 34.93 ± 1.37 c |
AgB | 224.91 ± 4.84 d | 318.57 ± 2.77 d | 21.68 ± 0.57 b |
AgW | 43.12 ± 1.23 e | 95.33 ± 3.86 e | nc |
Samples | AChE Inhibition (IC50) | BChE Inhibition (IC50) |
---|---|---|
Galantamine | 4.68 ± 0.31 a | 16.07 ± 1.04 a |
Ag EtOH | 193.81 ± 13.32 b | 421.50 ± 39.38 b |
AgH | 99.19 ± 6.18 c | nc |
AgC | 30.75 ± 0.67 d | 240.28 ± 8.91 c |
AgEA | 215.29 ± 17.10 b | nc |
AgB | 113.08 ± 5.18 c | 362.06 ± 28.60 b |
AgW | nc | nc |
Samples | α-Amylase Inhibition (IC50) | α-Glucosidase Inhibition (IC50) |
---|---|---|
Acarbose | 22.78 ± 0.29 a | 401.15 ± 25.94 a |
Ag EtOH | 172.25 ± 7.25 b | 207.70 ± 2.56 b |
AgH | nc | 159.91 ± 5.59 b |
AgC | nc | nc |
AgEA | nc | 163.54 ± 9.72 b |
AgB | nc | 373.77 ± 29.84 a |
AgW | nc | nc |
Peak No. | RT (min) | [M-H]− Observed m/z | [M-H]−Calculated m/z | Molecular Formula | MS/MS | Tentative Identity | mg/g DW | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.17 | 353.0888 | 353.0873 | C16H18O9 | 191, 173, 135, 127, 93, 85 | Chlorogenic acid | 7.12 ± 0.83 | [25] |
2 | 6.48 | 427.1980 | 427.1968 | C21H32O9 | 367, 327, 297, 285, 179, 161, 135, 101, 73, 61, 59 | Methyl chlorogenate derivative | nq | [26] |
3 | 6.64 | 463.0859 | 463.0877 | C21H20O12 | 300, 271, 255, 179, 151 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 0.07 ± 0.00 | [26,27] |
4 | 6.68 | 447.0918 | 447.0927 | C21H20O11 | 357, 339, 327, 311, 299, 297, 285, 269, 253, 191, 175, 149, 133, 109 | Iso-orientin | 13.22 ± 1.43 | [28] |
5 | 6.84 | 447.0910 | 447.0927 | C21H20O11 | 357, 339, 327, 311, 299, 297, 285, 269, 253, 191, 175, 149, 133, 109 | Orientin | 104.22 ± 4.01 | [28] |
6 | 6.92 | 367.1038 | 367.1029 | C17H20O9 | 191, 179, 161, 107 | Chlorogenic acid methyl ester | 12.33 ± 0.04 | [26] |
7 | 7.14 | 515.1180 | 515.1190 | C25H24O12 | 353, 179 | Cynarin isomer | 0.15 ± 0.03 | [29] |
8 | 7.41 | 447.0921 | 447.0927 | C21H20O11 | 285, 151 | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 0.65 ± 0.10 | [30] |
9 | 7.67 | 515.1411 | 515.1401 | C22H28O14 | 353, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 | Chlorogenic acid glucoside | nq | |
10 | 7.83 | 515.1197 | 515.1190 | C25H24O12 | 353, 335, 191, 179, 161, 135 | 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid | 44.70 ± 4.14 | [26] |
11 | 8.07 | 515.1209 | 515.1190 | C25H24O12 | 353, 179, 173, 135, 93 | 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid | 23.12 ± 1.64 | [26] |
12, 13, 14, 16 | 8.49, 8.86, 9.12, 9.56 | 529.1365 | 529.1346 | C26H26O12 | 367, 349, 191, 179, 161, 135 | Feruloyl-caffeoylquinic acid isomers | nq | [23] |
15 | 9.32 | 285.0380 | 285.0399 | C15H10O6 | 151, 133 | Luteolin | 0.39 ± 0.01 | [25] |
17 | 9.98 | 325.1651 | 325.1651 | C17H26O6 | 281, 263, 235, 219, 203, 191, 151, 111, 83, 59 | Unknown | nq | |
18 | 10.55 | 853.4720 | 853.4738853.4679 | C48H70O13C55H66O8 | 584, 513, 191, 179, 161, 135, 119, 113, 101, 89, 85, 71, 59 | Caffeoylquinic acid derivative | nq | |
19 | 10.97 | 649.3929 | 649.3952 | C36H58O10 | 407, 191, 129, 113, 85, 75 | Unknown | nq | |
20 | 11.37 | 691.4073 | 691.4057 | C38H60O11 | 631, 191, 113, 85, 95 | Unknown | nq | |
21 | 11.87 | 867.4739 | 867.4742 | C45H72O16 | 513, 408, 333, 285, 191, 179, 173, 153, 139, 89 | Unknown | nq | |
22 | 14.14 | 391.1744 | 391.1757 | C21H28O7 | 391, 347, 305, 287, 259, 245, 217, 165 | Unknown | nq | |
23 | 15.17 | 677.3729 | 677.3748 | C33H58O14 | 415, 397, 279, 179, 161, 119, 101 | Unknown | nq | |
24 | 15.46 | 504.3098 | 504.3087 | C29H45O7 | 279, 242, 224, 168, 153, 79, 59 | Unknown | nq | |
25 | 15.76 | 426.9764 | 426.9785 | C15H8O15 | 407, 387, 293, 283, 255, 217, 81 | Unknown | nq | |
26 | 16.22 | 480.3083 | 480.3087 | C27H45O7 | 255, 242, 224, 168, 153, 79 | Unknown | nq | |
27 | 16.95 | 579.3354 | 579.3381 | C28H52O12 | 269, 255, 89 | Unknown | nq | |
28 | 18.10 | 553.3193 | 553.3165 | C33H46O7 | 523, 345, 97, 84, 73 | Unknown | nq | |
29 | 21.16 | 455.3539 | 455.3525 | C30H48O3 | 407, 377 | Oleanolic acid | 0.23 ± 0.05 | [31] |
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Faraone, I.; Rai, D.K.; Russo, D.; Chiummiento, L.; Fernandez, E.; Choudhary, A.; Milella, L. Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticholinesterase Activities and Phytochemical Profile of Azorella glabra Wedd. Plants 2019, 8, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080265
Faraone I, Rai DK, Russo D, Chiummiento L, Fernandez E, Choudhary A, Milella L. Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticholinesterase Activities and Phytochemical Profile of Azorella glabra Wedd. Plants. 2019; 8(8):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080265
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaraone, Immacolata, Dilip K. Rai, Daniela Russo, Lucia Chiummiento, Eloy Fernandez, Alka Choudhary, and Luigi Milella. 2019. "Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticholinesterase Activities and Phytochemical Profile of Azorella glabra Wedd" Plants 8, no. 8: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080265