Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phytochemicals in Moringa oleifera
2.1. Glucosinolates
2.2. Flavonoids
2.3. Phenolic Acids
2.4. Vitamins and Minerals
2.5. Tannins
3. Nutritional Aspects of Moringa oleifera
3.1. In Humans
3.2. In Livestock
4. Medicinal Properties of Moringa oleifera
4.1. Antioxidant Properties
4.2. Anti-Inflammatory Properties
4.3. Anti-Diabetic Properties
4.4. Anti-Cancer Properties
5. Side Effects of Moringa oleifera
6. Contraindications of M. oleifera
7. Water Purification
8. Invasiveness and Allelopathy of Moringa oleifera
9. Conclusions
- Gram on gram, M. oleifera contains higher amounts of elemental nutrients than most conventional vegetable sources which makes it a potentially lucrative crop to combat food and nutritional insecurity.
- There are no scientifically proven side effects of M. oleifera to this date, despite the lack of safety information on its utility, particularly in humans.
- Based on available M. oleifera, it produces a chemically diverse range of phytochemicals which can be exploited for the development of pharmaceutical agents.
- Due to a pool of phytochemicals found in M. oleifera extracts, a number of medicinal properties have been reported to date.
- M. oleifera holds great potential both as a food supplement and medicine, however, more clinical trials are needed for the development of pharmaceutical agents.
- M. oleifera has shown some potential as a water treatment agent and can be a useful resource particularly in resource poor communities.
- There is no literature that suggests that M. oleifera could be an invasive plant species, although extreme caution has to be exercised when replanting, or introducing it, particularly in degraded lands.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioactive Compound | Specific compound | Properties | References |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic acids | Leaves contain 11,300–23,000 IU (international unit) of vitamin A. | [5,59] |
Vitamin B | Folates, such as 5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid and 5-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid | Involved in DNA synthesis and cell division. | [60] |
Carotenoids | β-carotene | Ranges from 6.63 mg/100 g in fresh leaves to about 39.6 mg/100 g in air-dried leaves. | [4,61,62] |
Vitamin C | Ascorbic acid | Found in amounts of about 200 mg/100 g (greater than in orange fruits). Acts as an antioxidant. | [63,64,65] |
Minerals | Potassium (K), Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg). | Contains more calcium, iron and potassium than in milk, spinach and bananas respectively. Vegetative parts and immature fruits contain the most potassium. | [5,8,26] |
Antioxidant Model Used | Candidate Compounds | Solvent | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf | |||
1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) | Crude extracts, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillin | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% ethanol, 80% methanol. Chloroform, acetone | [80,82,84,85,86,87,89,90] |
β-carotene-linoleic acid | Quercetin, kaempferol, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillin | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% methanol, chloroform | [80,82,85] |
Superoxide radical scavenging | Quercetin, kaempferol | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% methanol | [80] |
Liposome Peroxidation | Quercetin, kaempferol | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% methanol, | [80] |
Enzymatic Lipid Peroxidation of Microsomes Induced by NADPH/ADP/Fe3+ | Crude extracts, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic acid, rutin | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% methanol, acetone, chloroform | [80,82,86] |
Linoleic Acid Peroxidation System | Quercetin, kaempferol | Water, 70% ethnol, 80% methanol | [80] |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | Crude extracts, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic acid, rutin | Chloroform, water, 80% ethanol, acetone | [82,84,86,90] |
Catalase | Crude extracts, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic acid, rutin | Chloroform, water, 80% ethanol, acetone | [82,84,86,90] |
Glutathione peroxidase | Crude extracts | Water, acetone | [86,90] |
Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging | Crude extracts | Water, acetone | [86] |
2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) | Crude extracts | Water, acetone | [86] |
Ferric Reducing Iron Power (FRAP) | Crude extract | Water, 80% ethanol, acetone | [85,86] |
Seed | |||
UV accelerated method | Crude extract fractions | Chloroform/methanol (1:1), diethylether, n-butanol, and water | [83] |
DPPH | Crude extract, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin. | Water, 80% ethanol | [84,85] |
FRAP | Crude extract, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water, 80% ethanol | [84,85] |
SOD | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Catalase | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
β-carotene-linoleic acid | gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water | [85] |
Lipid Peroxidation | Crude extracts, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water | [85,88,90] |
Flower | |||
DPPH | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
FRAP | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Catalase | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Pod | |||
DPPH | Crude extract, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water, 80% ethanol | [84,85] |
FRAP | Crude extract, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water, 80% ethanol | [84,85] |
SOD | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Catalase | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
β-carotene-linoleic acid | Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water | [85] |
Lipid Peroxidation | Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, vanillin | Water | [85] |
Stem | |||
DPPH | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
FRAP | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
SOD | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
Catalase | Crude extract | 80% ethanol | [84] |
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Tshabalala, T.; Ncube, B.; Madala, N.E.; Nyakudya, T.T.; Moyo, H.P.; Sibanda, M.; Ndhlala, A.R. Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera. Plants 2019, 8, 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110510
Tshabalala T, Ncube B, Madala NE, Nyakudya TT, Moyo HP, Sibanda M, Ndhlala AR. Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera. Plants. 2019; 8(11):510. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110510
Chicago/Turabian StyleTshabalala, Thulani, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya, Hloniphani Peter Moyo, Mbulisi Sibanda, and Ashwell Rungano Ndhlala. 2019. "Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the “Miracle” Plant, Moringa oleifera" Plants 8, no. 11: 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110510