Impact of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles on Yield, Antioxidant System, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Crop Yield
2.2. Chlorophyll Content in Leaves
2.3. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Compounds in Leaves
2.4. Enzymatic Activity in Leaves
2.5. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Compounds in Fruits
2.6. Fruit Quality
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Crop Development and Management
4.2. Treatments
4.3. Sampling of Leaves and Fruits
4.4. Photosynthetic Pigments
4.5. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.6. Enzymatic Activity
4.7. Fruit Quality
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NS Fruit number | ||||
NS 0 | NS 64.67 ± 2.9 a | 69.17 ± 4.3 a | 65.28 ± 3.3 a | 67.22 ± 4.7 a |
1 | 64.78 ± 5.9 a | 62.89 ± 4.4 a | 65.22 ± 3.3 a | 70.56 ± 3.3 a |
10 | 73.61 ± 4.4 a | 63.22 ± 1.9 a | 66.67 ± 2.5 a | 66.56 ± 4.6 a |
20 | 63.11 ± 3.0 a | 61.78 ± 4.2 a | 64.94 ± 6.4 a | 63.89 ± 4.6 a |
NS Average Fruit Weight (g) | ||||
NS 0 | * 90.26 ± 3.5 bc | 87.71 ± 4.9 bc | 96.43 ± 4.4 abc | 85.06 ± 5.5 c |
1 | 93.93 ± 2.9 bc | 102.50 ± 4.7 ab | 99.11 ± 4.2 abc | 87.41 ± 5.4 bc |
10 | 94.98 ± 2.4 bc | 85.01 ± 9.0 c | 98.32 ± 4.2 abc | 97.56 ± 5.2 abc |
20 | 87.81 ± 4.8 bc | 112.66 ± 14.8 a | 85.74 ± 3.5 c | 90.41 ± 6.1 bc |
NS Yielg (g plant−1) | ||||
NS 0 | * 5807.49 ± 274 bc | 6014.29 ± 454 abc | 6327.44 ± 475 abc | 5609.54 ± 355 c |
1 | 5982.36 ± 431 abc | 6319.41 ± 279 abc | 6373.23 ± 202 abc | 6154.06 ± 502 abc |
10 | 7001.19 ± 476 a | 5443.59 ± 651 c | 6514.69 ± 257 abc | 6324.67 ± 219 abc |
20 | 5503.52 ± 340 c | 6849.89 ± 917 ab | 5551.78 ± 573 c | 5806.49 ± 555 bc |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NS Chlorophyll a (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
*** 0 | *** 81.38 ± 3.5 c | 64.51 ± 2.6 de | 43.80 ± 1.5 gh | 48.17 ± 1.5 fg |
1 | 49.55 ± 0.8 fg | 92.68 ± 3.2 ab | 97.83 ± 1.9 a | 85.58 ± 8.3 bc |
10 | 41.65 ± 1.9 gh | 61.41 ± 1.7 e | 52.52 ± 1.4 f | 79.06 ± 1.2 c |
20 | 82.48 ± 2.0 c | 35.83 ± 1.7 h | 70.28 ± 1.9 d | 42.61 ± 1.6 gh |
* Chlorophyll b (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
*** 0 | *** 35.08 ± 1.6 b | 28.43 ± 1.2 cd | 19.88 ± 0.7 h | 20.67 ± 0.6 gh |
1 | 24.39 ± 0.5 ef | 37.68 ± 1.3 b | 41.12 ± 0.8 a | 35.38 ± 3.4 b |
10 | 19.48 ± 0.9 h | 27.13 ± 0.8 de | 23.56 ± 0.7 fg | 35.61 ± 0.5 b |
20 | 37.38 ± 0.8 b | 15.84 ± 0.7 i | 31.34 ± 0.9 c | 19.05 ± 0.7 hi |
NS Total Chlorophyll (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
*** 0 | *** 116.46 ± 5.1 c | 92.94 ± 3.7 de | 63.68 ± 2.1 gh | 68.84 ± 2.2 fgh |
1 | 73.94 ± 1.3 fg | 130.36 ± 4.4 ab | 138.95 ± 2.7 a | 120.96 ± 11.7 bc |
10 | 61.13 ± 2.8 hi | 88.54 ± 2.5 e | 76.08 ± 2.0 f | 114.67 ± 1.7 c |
20 | 119.86 ± 2.8 bc | 51.66 ± 2.5 i | 101.62 ± 2.7 d | 61.66 ± 2.3 hi |
*** Chlorophyll a/b ratio | ||||
*** 0 | *** 2.32 ± 0.01 d | 2.27 ± 0.01 e | 2.20 ± 0.01 h | 2.33 ± 0.01 d |
1 | 2.03 ± 0.01 j | 2.46 ± 0.01 a | 2.38 ± 0.01 c | 2.42 ± 0.01 b |
10 | 2.14 ± 0.01 i | 2.26 ± 0.01 ef | 2.23 ± 0.01 g | 2.22 ± 0.01 gh |
20 | 2.21 ± 0.01 h | 2.26 ± 0.01 ef | 2.24 ± 0.01 fg | 2.24 ± 0.01 fg |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NSVitamin C (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
*** 0 | *** 10.42 ± 0.8 cde | 10.12 ± 0.5 de | 10.87 ± 0.5 cde | 9.83 ± 0.6 de |
1 | 9.70 ± 0.3 de | 13.78 ± 0.9 a | 11.75 ± 0.6 bc | 11.28 ± 0.7 bcd |
10 | 9.83 ± 0.5 de | 9.38 ± 0.5 e | 9.55 ± 0.4 e | 9.40 ± 0.3 e |
20 | 12.60 ± 0.4 ab | 10.87 ± 0.5 cde | 9.53 ± 0.5 e | 10.43 ± 0.5 cde |
NS Glutathione (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
** 0 | * 6.97 ± 0.3 d | 7.55 ± 0.3 bcd | 7.45 ± 0.3 bcd | 7.22 ± 0.4 cd |
1 | 7.82 ± 0.6 abcd | 8.16 ± 0.4 abc | 8.88 ± 0.4 a | 8.81 ± 0.3 a |
10 | 8.83 ± 0.4 a | 8.43 ± 0.6 ab | 7.93 ± 0.4 abcd | 7.76 ± 0.6 abcd |
20 | 8.12 ± 0.3 abcd | 7.53 ± 0.4 bcd | 8.20 ± 0.4 abc | 8.08 ± 0.4 abcd |
NS Flavonoids (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | * 301.77 ± 20.0 abc | 265.47 ± 13.3 cde | 314.58 ± 19.0 ab | 326.91 ± 16.2 a |
1 | 271.87 ± 11.5 cde | 259.93 ± 19.4 de | 252.47 ± 14.6 e | 276.93 ± 6.4 bcde |
10 | 333.21 ± 19.4 a | 300.06 ± 12.6 abcd | 272.82 ± 10.8 cde | 274.64 ± 7.5 bcde |
20 | 265.47 ± 13.7 cde | 245.50 ± 11.7 e | 281.04 ± 12.5 bcde | 266.80 ± 17.6 cde |
NS Phenols (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
* 0 | * 481.42 ± 16.4 abcde | 517.27 ± 15.8 abc | 494.83 ± 17.2 abc | 410.90 ± 32.6 e |
1 | 412.36 ± 26.3 de | 450.82 ± 24.3 bcde | 466.56 ± 19.8 bcde | 525.57 ± 25.5 ab |
10 | 448.93 ± 17.5 cde | 468.02 ± 24.3 bcde | 498.32 ± 27.16 abc | 487.11 ± 42.1 abcde |
20 | 514.50 ± 12.5 abc | 548.45 ± 15.1 a | 487.54 ± 60.2 abcd | 506.49 ± 12.9 abc |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NS ABTS hidrophilic (µmol g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | * 73.49 ± 0.4 g | 74.92 ± 0.9 fg | 74.96 ± 1.1 fg | 75.76 ± 1.0 efg |
1 | 77.16 ± 1.2 bcdefg | 77.07 ± 1.0 cdefg | 78.46 ± 1.4 bcdef | 76.15 ± 1.4 defg |
10 | 81.16 ± 1.9 ab | 78.39 ± 1.4 bcdef | 79.91 ± 0.9 abcd | 79.03 ± 1.6 bcde |
20 | 79.30 ± 1.2 bcde | 76.04 ± 2.9 defg | 80.72 ± 1.7 abc | 83.96 ± 1.4 a |
** ABTS lipophilic (µmol g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | ** 54.86 ± 0.3 c | 56.12 ± 0.1 bc | 56.25 ± 0.4 bc | 57.79 ± 0.4 ab |
1 | 55.74 ± 0.4 bc | 56.47 ± 0.5 bc | 56.58 ± 0.4 bc | 56.47 ± 06 bc |
10 | 48.75 ± 0.5 d | 51.15 ± 1.2 d | 54.36 ± 2.2 c | 50.82 ± 1.1 d |
20 | 55.33 ± 0.8 bc | 56.14 ± 0.4 bc | 55.09 ± 0.8 c | 59.79 ± 1.8 a |
** Total antioxidant capacity (µmol g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | ** 128.35 ± 0.36 f | 131.04 ± 0.84 cdef | 131.21 ± 1.15 bcdef | 133.54 ± 1.29 bcde |
1 | 132.90 ± 1.01 bcdef | 133.54 ± 1.22 bcde | 135.04 ± 1.09 bc | 132.62 ± 1.17 bcdef |
10 | 129.91 ± 1.82 def | 129.54 ± 1.93 ef | 134.27 ± 2.21 bcd | 129.85 ± 1.47 def |
20 | 134.62 ± 1.47 bc | 132.18 ± 2.96 bcdef | 135.81 ± 2.35 b | 143.75 ± 2.22 a |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NSAscorbate Peroxidase(APX)(U g–1 TP) | ||||
* 0 | * 176.20 ± 58.5 b | 248.77 ± 109.4 ab | 134.08 ± 27.7 b | 236.40 ± 105.2 b |
1 | 139.16 ± 30.6 b | 129.19 ± 36.9 b | 268.43 ± 32.74 ab | 134.45 ± 16.6 b |
10 | 220.99 ± 53.8 b | 206.99 ± 61.6 b | 260.37 ± 55.5 ab | 223.70 ± 76.4 b |
20 | 164.27 ± 67.9 b | 338.07 ± 56.1 ab | 455.61 ± 184.5 a | 264.69 ± 56.8 ab |
NSGlutathione Peroxidase (GPX) (U g–1 TP) | ||||
* 0 | * 29.92 ± 8.9 c | 115.61 ± 30.5 bc | 289.25 ± 32.6 bc | 206.27 ± 28.0 bc |
1 | 373.60 ± 192.3 abc | 546.45 ± 219.7 ab | 821.40 ± 543.4 a | 196.05 ± 33.2 bc |
10 | 201.45 ± 33.4 bc | 221.61 ± 49.3 bc | 423.62 ± 106.0 abc | 223.20 ± 103.4 bc |
20 | 121.76 ± 33.4 bc | 281.83 ± 78.1 bc | 349.54 ± 81.4 bc | 403.73 ± 158.6 abc |
NSCatalase (U g–1 TP) | ||||
NS0 | NS 815.35 ± 136.3 a | 780.40 ± 165.1 a | 783.45 ± 279.0 a | 597.42 ± 146.2 a |
1 | 1025.78 ± 277.8 a | 651.63 ± 123.7 a | 892.28 ± 226.0 a | 701.27 ± 145.5 a |
10 | 1100.92 ± 241.6 a | 744.87 ± 162.3 a | 777.65 ± 185.4 a | 736.32 ± 285.1 a |
20 | 747.50 ± 190.7 a | 661.97 ± 167.7 a | 995.52 ± 120.2 a | 739.78 ± 160.7 a |
NSSuperoxide Dismutase (SOD) (U mL−1) | ||||
NS0 | * 110.01 ± 26.6 bc | 139.23 ± 21.7 abc | 134.97 ± 34.6 abc | 76.50 ± 16.0 c |
1 | 179.44 ± 27.1 a | 89.98 ± 20.3 bc | 143.80 ± 29.4 abc | 122.96 ± 16.5 abc |
10 | 91.49 ± 17.0 bc | 99.36 ± 25.2 bc | 123.02 ± 21.1 abc | 107.47 ± 31.3 bc |
20 | 97.14 ± 27.1 bc | 137.88 ± 32.3 abc | 147.55 ± 16.2 ab | 124.82 ± 12.1 abc |
* Phenylalanine Ammonia Liasa (PAL) (U g−1 TP) | ||||
* 0 | ** 4.79 ± 0.7 c | 5.37 ± 1.5 c | 11.81 ± 4.2 ab | 6.52 ± 1.4 c |
1 | 8.13 ± 1.2 bc | 14.51 ± 2.9 a | 8.16 ± 0.5 bc | 8.10 ± 0.9 bc |
10 | 6.98 ± 0.6 c | 7.71 ± 1.1 bc | 7.15 ± 0.8 c | 6.14 ± 0.7 c |
20 | 5.83 ± 1.0 c | 7.57 ± 0.7 bc | 7.81 ± 0.7 bc | 6.60 ± 0.9 c |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
** Vitamin C (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
* 0 | ** 12.76 ± 0.5 bcde | 12.03 ± 0.5 cde | 15.11 ± 0.8 ab | 13.64 ± 0.7 bcd |
1 | 14.81 ± 1.4 abc | 14.52 ± 1.6 abc | 17.31 ± 1.1 a | 10.41 ± 2.4 e |
10 | 11.00 ± 0.7 de | 14.67 ± 0.8 abc | 14.96 ± 0.5 ab | 13.79 ± 0.6 bcd |
20 | 11.59 ± 0.5 de | 12.91 ± 1.1 bcde | 11.59 ± 0.4 de | 11.44 ± 0.9 de |
NS Glutathione (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
NS0 | * 3.92 ± 0.4 cd | 4.66 ± 0.4 abc | 4.47 ± 0.2 bcd | 4.64 ± 0.2 abc |
1 | 4.71 ± 0.3 abc | 4.92 ± 0.4 ab | 4.80 ± 0.3 abc | 4.53 ± 0.2 abcd |
10 | 4.91 ± 0.4 ab | 4.29 ± 0.4 bcd | 4.88 ± 0.1 ab | 5.41 ± 0.4 a |
20 | 3.72 ± 0.2 d | 4.48 ± 0.2 bcd | 5.14 ± 0.4 ab | 4.47 ± 0.4 bcd |
** Flavonoids (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | * 79.60 ± 4.2 de | 96.23 ± 9.6 abc | 71.12 ± 9.0 e | 79.18 ± 6.0 de |
1 | 88.00 ± 1.3 abcd | 89.16 ± 6.6 abcd | 85.42 ± 3.7 bcde | 85.67 ± 3.3 bcde |
10 | 74.86 ± 5.0 de | 74.69 ± 4.2 de | 69.62 ± 6.0 e | 74.03 ± 6.8 de |
20 | 100.63 ± 6.0 ab | 102.63 ± 5.9 a | 79.27 ± 4.4 de | 81.35 ± 5.5 cde |
NS Phenols (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
** 0 | * 15.02 ± 0.6 abc | 15.54 ± 0.8 ab | 13.50 ± 1.1 bc | 16.17 ± 0.4 a |
1 | 12.88 ± 0.8 c | 13.64 ± 0.5 bc | 13.87 ± 1.2 bc | 13.43 ± 0.5 bc |
10 | 13.70 ± 0.3 bc | 14.51 ± 0.7 abc | 13.57 ± 0.6 bc | 14.64 ± 0.9 abc |
20 | 15.41 ± 0.9 ab | 14.84 ± 0.6 abc | 15.22 ± 0.8 ab | 16.36 ± 1.2 a |
NS Lycopene (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
*** 0 | * 54.91 ± 3.9 abc | 33.76 ± 7.8 ef | 38.43 ± 9.4 def | 38.21 ± 8.8 def |
1 | 52.87 ± 6.1 abcd | 58.69 ± 4.6 a | 59.81 ± 3.4 a | 52.02 ± 1.7 abcd |
10 | 45.46 ± 5.8 abcde | 27.98 ± 5.7 f | 40.66 ± 2.9 bcdef | 39.78 ± 5.8 bcdef |
20 | 38.80 ± 7.1 cdef | 60.91 ± 2.0 a | 55.60 ± 4.9 ab | 47.73 ± 5.3 abcde |
NS β-carotene (mg 100 g−1 DW) | ||||
NS 0 | * 8.05 ± 1.8 ab | 7.93 ± 1.1 ab | 7.70 ± 1.5 ab | 15.25 ± 7.2 a |
1 | 12.13 ± 2.8 ab | 12.89 ± 2.7 ab | 7.76 ± 2.5 ab | 5.93 ± 2.2 b |
10 | 8.04 ± 1.3 ab | 10.18 ± 2.5 ab | 7.55 ± 1.9 b | 10.00 ± 2.3 ab |
20 | 6.84 ± 2.5 b | 7.90 ± 1.7 ab | 6.36 ± 1.9 b | 5.72 ± 2.0 b |
Se NPs (mg L−1) | Cu NPs (mg L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 50 | 250 | |
NS Firmness (kg cm−2) | ||||
NS 0 | * 4.65 ± 0.8 bc | 4.85 ± 0.7 bc | 5.13 ± 1.0 abc | 6.07 ± 0.9 abc |
1 | 4.88 ± 0.7 bc | 5.88 ± 0.9 abc | 4.92 ± 0.5 bc | 5.15 ± 0.4 abc |
10 | 6.27 ± 0.9 ab | 5.62 ± 0.4 abc | 6.87 ± 0.7 a | 5.55 ± 0.4 abc |
20 | 5.00 ± 0.7 abc | 5.05 ± 0.4 abc | 5.93 ± 0.7 abc | 4.18 ± 0.3 c |
NS pH | ||||
NS 0 | * 4.26 ± 0.03 ab | 4.22 ± 0.03 ab | 4.23 ± 0.05 ab | 4.29 ± 0.08 a |
1 | 4.20 ± 0.02 ab | 4.16 ± 0.03 b | 4.23 ± 0.01 ab | 4.24 ± 0.04 ab |
10 | 4.21 ± 0.02 ab | 4.22 ± 0.04 ab | 4.30 ± 0.03 a | 4.25 ± 0.02 ab |
20 | 4.22 ± 0.02 ab | 4.25 ± 0.04 ab | 4.20 ± 0.04 ab | 4.23 ± 0.04 ab |
NS Electric conductivity (mS cm−1) | ||||
NS 0 | * 3.40 ± 0.23 abc | 3.05 ± 0.35 abc | 2.87 ± 0.15 bc | 3.45 ± 0.10 ab |
1 | 2.73 ± 0.31 c | 3.57 ± 0.30 ab | 2.98 ± 0.21 abc | 3.38 ± 0.23 abc |
10 | 3.47 ± 0.16 ab | 3.62 ± 0.25 a | 3.43 ± 0.27 abc | 3.08 ± 0.37 abc |
20 | 3.23 ± 0.26 abc | 3.67 ± 0.27 a | 3.12 ± 0.25 abc | 3.68 ± 0.15 a |
NS Total Soluble Solids (ºBrix) | ||||
NS 0 | * 4.83 ± 0.17 b | 5.17 ± 0.17 ab | 4.83 ± 0.17 b | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab |
1 | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab |
10 | 4.83 ± 0.17 b | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 4.83 ± 0.17 b |
20 | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.00 ± 0.01 ab | 5.33 ± 0.33 a |
* Titratable Acidity (% citric acid) | ||||
* 0 | * 0.39 ± 0.02 de | 0.39 ± 0.01 de | 0.42 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.43 ± 0.01 abcd |
1 | 0.42 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.42 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.42 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.44 ± 0.02 abc |
10 | 0.36 ± 0.03 e | 0.42 ± 0.02 cd | 0.42 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.47 ± 0.02 a |
20 | 0.45 ± 0.01 abc | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 cde |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hernández-Hernández, H.; Quiterio-Gutiérrez, T.; Cadenas-Pliego, G.; Ortega-Ortiz, H.; Hernández-Fuentes, A.D.; Cabrera de la Fuente, M.; Valdés-Reyna, J.; Juárez-Maldonado, A. Impact of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles on Yield, Antioxidant System, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants. Plants 2019, 8, 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100355
Hernández-Hernández H, Quiterio-Gutiérrez T, Cadenas-Pliego G, Ortega-Ortiz H, Hernández-Fuentes AD, Cabrera de la Fuente M, Valdés-Reyna J, Juárez-Maldonado A. Impact of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles on Yield, Antioxidant System, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants. Plants. 2019; 8(10):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100355
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Hernández, Hipólito, Tomasa Quiterio-Gutiérrez, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, Hortensia Ortega-Ortiz, Alma Delia Hernández-Fuentes, Marcelino Cabrera de la Fuente, Jesús Valdés-Reyna, and Antonio Juárez-Maldonado. 2019. "Impact of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles on Yield, Antioxidant System, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants" Plants 8, no. 10: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100355