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Article

Green Extracts and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS Profiling of Flavonoids from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents/Ultrasound-Assisted and Supercritical Fluids

by
Manuel de Jesús Bernal-Millán
1,
Miriam del Carmen Carrasco-Portugal
2,
J. Basilio Heredia
1,*,
Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
1,
Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva
3,
Josefina León-Félix
1 and
Miguel Ángel Angulo-Escalante
1
1
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Culiacán 80110, Mexico
2
Unidad de Investigación en Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
3
Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Culiacán 80110, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(8), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081692
Submission received: 20 March 2023 / Revised: 14 April 2023 / Accepted: 16 April 2023 / Published: 18 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plants: Store House of Modern Drugs)
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Abstract

Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids. These have presented different therapeutic properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory; however, their functionality is related to the quantity and type of compounds, and these characteristics depend on the extraction method used. This study aimed to compare different extraction procedures to identify and quantify flavonoids from oregano (Lippia graveolens). Emerging and conventional technologies include maceration with methanol and water, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using deep eutectic solvents (DES) such as choline chloride-ethylene glycol, choline chloride-glycerol, and choline chloride-lactic acid. Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 as a solvent was also studied. Six different extracts were obtained and the total reducing capacity, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity by ABTS•+, DPPH•, FRAP, and ORAC were evaluated. In addition, flavonoids were identified and quantified by UPLC-TQS-MS/MS. Results showed that UAE-DES had the best extraction effect and antioxidant capacity using colorimetric methods. However, maceration-methanol was superior in compound content, and highlighting naringenin and phloridzin were the major compounds. In addition, this extract was microencapsulated by spray drying, which provided a protection feature of their antioxidant potential. Oregano extracts are rich in flavonoids and the microcapsules present promising results for future research.
Keywords: flavonoids; oregano; antioxidant capacity; extraction techniques; microcapsules; chromatographic profile flavonoids; oregano; antioxidant capacity; extraction techniques; microcapsules; chromatographic profile
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bernal-Millán, M.d.J.; Carrasco-Portugal, M.d.C.; Heredia, J.B.; Bastidas-Bastidas, P.d.J.; Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E.P.; León-Félix, J.; Angulo-Escalante, M.Á. Green Extracts and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS Profiling of Flavonoids from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents/Ultrasound-Assisted and Supercritical Fluids. Plants 2023, 12, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081692

AMA Style

Bernal-Millán MdJ, Carrasco-Portugal MdC, Heredia JB, Bastidas-Bastidas PdJ, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, León-Félix J, Angulo-Escalante MÁ. Green Extracts and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS Profiling of Flavonoids from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents/Ultrasound-Assisted and Supercritical Fluids. Plants. 2023; 12(8):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081692

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernal-Millán, Manuel de Jesús, Miriam del Carmen Carrasco-Portugal, J. Basilio Heredia, Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas, Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva, Josefina León-Félix, and Miguel Ángel Angulo-Escalante. 2023. "Green Extracts and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS Profiling of Flavonoids from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents/Ultrasound-Assisted and Supercritical Fluids" Plants 12, no. 8: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081692

APA Style

Bernal-Millán, M. d. J., Carrasco-Portugal, M. d. C., Heredia, J. B., Bastidas-Bastidas, P. d. J., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E. P., León-Félix, J., & Angulo-Escalante, M. Á. (2023). Green Extracts and UPLC-TQS-MS/MS Profiling of Flavonoids from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents/Ultrasound-Assisted and Supercritical Fluids. Plants, 12(8), 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081692

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