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Article

Probing the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera under Ideal Germination Conditions

by
Axay Bhuker
1,
Anurag Malik
1,2,*,†,
Himani Punia
3,4,*,†,
Craig McGill
5,
Svetla Sofkova-Bobcheva
5,
Virender Singh Mor
1,
Nirmal Singh
1,
Ajaz Ahmad
6 and
Sheikh Mansoor
7
1
Department of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
2
Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
3
Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
4
Department of Sciences, Chandigarh School of Business, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri 140307, Mohali, India
5
School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
6
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2023, 12(16), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163010
Submission received: 26 May 2023 / Revised: 3 July 2023 / Accepted: 3 July 2023 / Published: 21 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants)
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Abstract

Moringa oleifera is a rich source of polyphenols whose contents and profile may vary according to environmental conditions, harvest season, and plant tissue. The present study aimed to characterize the profile of phenolic compounds in different tissues of M. oleifera grown under different temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C), using HPLC/MS, as well as their constituent phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonicacid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The polyphenolic compounds were mainly found in the leaves at 30 °C. UPLC/QTOF-MS allowed for the identification of 34 polyphenolic components in seedlings, primarily consisting of glucosides, phenols, flavonoids, and methoxy flavones. At 30 °C, the specific activities of antioxidative enzymes were the highest in leaves, followed by seedlings and then seeds. The leaf and seed extracts also exhibited a greater accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, and antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, and carotenoids, as measured by the inhibition of ROS production. We found that changes in the expression levels of the validated candidate genes Cu/Zn-SOD, APX, GPP, and TPS lead to significant differences in the germination rate and biochemical changes. These findings demonstrate that M. oleifera plants have high concentrations of phytochemicals and antioxidants, making them an excellent choice for further research to determine their use as health-promoting dietary supplements.
Keywords: antioxidants; biochemical analysis; phenolics; medicinal plant; Moringa oleifera; phytochemicals; temperature antioxidants; biochemical analysis; phenolics; medicinal plant; Moringa oleifera; phytochemicals; temperature

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bhuker, A.; Malik, A.; Punia, H.; McGill, C.; Sofkova-Bobcheva, S.; Mor, V.S.; Singh, N.; Ahmad, A.; Mansoor, S. Probing the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera under Ideal Germination Conditions. Plants 2023, 12, 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163010

AMA Style

Bhuker A, Malik A, Punia H, McGill C, Sofkova-Bobcheva S, Mor VS, Singh N, Ahmad A, Mansoor S. Probing the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera under Ideal Germination Conditions. Plants. 2023; 12(16):3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhuker, Axay, Anurag Malik, Himani Punia, Craig McGill, Svetla Sofkova-Bobcheva, Virender Singh Mor, Nirmal Singh, Ajaz Ahmad, and Sheikh Mansoor. 2023. "Probing the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera under Ideal Germination Conditions" Plants 12, no. 16: 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163010

APA Style

Bhuker, A., Malik, A., Punia, H., McGill, C., Sofkova-Bobcheva, S., Mor, V. S., Singh, N., Ahmad, A., & Mansoor, S. (2023). Probing the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera under Ideal Germination Conditions. Plants, 12(16), 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163010

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