Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Balkan Endemic Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. (Lamiaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Sugar and Organic Acid Content and Composition
2.2. Polyphenol Content and Composition
2.3. Antioxidant Activity Determined by Different Assays
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Extraction of Polyphenols
3.4. Extraction of Sugars and Organic Acids
3.5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of Sugars
3.6. HPLC Determination of Organic Acids
3.7. HPLC Determination of Phenolic Compounds
Time, min | 1% Acetic Acid, (%) | Methanol, (%) |
0 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
36 | 78.0 | 22.0 |
37 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
47 | 60.0 | 40.0 |
58 | 54.0 | 46.0 |
59 | 40.0 | 60.0 |
71 | 20.0 | 80.0 |
72 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
75 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
3.8. Total Polyphenol Compounds Analysis
3.9. Total Flavonoid Content Analysis
3.10. Antioxidant Activities
3.11. Antimicrobial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fructose, mg/100 g | Glucose, mg/100 g | Galactose, mg/100 g | Sucrose, mg/100 g | Melibiose, mg/100 g | Total, mg/100 g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1184.3 ± 45.1 | 2776.2 ± 38.6 | 816.2 ± 28.9 | 513.3 ± 21.8 | 206.9 ± 12.8 | 5499.0 |
Quinic Acid, mg/100 g | Malic Acid, mg/100 g | Ascorbic Acid, mg/100 g | Citric Acid, mg/100 g | α-Ketoglutaric Acid, mg/100 g | Succinic Acid, mg/100 g | Oxalic Acid, mg/100 g | Tartaric Acid, mg/100 g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
556.3 ± 22.4 | 91.0 ± 4.8 | 83.6 ± 5.9 | 341.5 ± 21.9 | 36.4 ± 3.0 | 125.9 ± 8.1 | 13.1 ± 1.1 | 45.0 ± 2.9 |
Representative | Content, mg/100 g | |
---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | Chlorogenic acid | 11.0 ± 0.6 |
Ferulic acid | traces | |
Rosmarinic acid | 2040.1 ± 15.76 | |
Protocatehuic acid | 52.1 ± 4.1 | |
Vanillic acid | 404.8 ± 21.5 | |
Caffeic acid | 178.0 ± 9.2 | |
Syringic acid | 20.5 ± 1.3 | |
Salicylic acid | 75.2 ± 4.1 | |
Flavonoids | (−)-Epicatechin | 87.6 ± 3.2 |
Hesperidin | 131.2 ± 5.6 | |
Quercetin | 7.5 ± 0.3 | |
Kaempherol | 26.4 ± 1.2 | |
Apigenin | 0.96 ± 0.08 |
DPPH, mM TE/g | ABTS, mM TE/g | FRAP, mM TE/g | CUPRAC, mM TE/g | ORAC, µmol TE/g | HORAC, µmol GAE/g | Total Polyphenols, mg/100 g | Total Flavonoids, mg/100 g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
286.4 ± 10.4 | 358.4 ± 10.4 | 388.0 ± 32.4 | 905.6 ± 19.2 | 3250.5 ± 208.1 | 306.1± 23.5 | 9004 ± 129.8 | 594.2 ± 3.6 |
Microorganism | Viable Cell Count of Microorganism in Nutrient Medium, ×107 cfu/cm3 | M. frivaldszkyana Extract 10 mg/mL | Penicillin, 10 mg/mL | Nystatin, 20 mg/mL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inhibition Zones, mm | ||||
Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 | 1.6 | - | - | N/A |
Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 28089 | 4.1 | - | N/A | 18 |
Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 | 1.2 | - | N/A | 26 |
Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 | 1.7 | - | N/A | 30 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1.0 | - | N/A | 28 |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | 1.0 | - | 25 | N/A |
Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380 | 7.0 | - | - | N/A |
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 | 1.0 | - | - | N/A |
Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 | 5.0 | 9 (MIC, 10 mg/mL) | 15 | N/A |
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Mladenova, T.; Stoyanov, P.; Denev, P.; Dimitrova, S.; Katsarova, M.; Teneva, D.; Todorov, K.; Bivolarska, A. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Balkan Endemic Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. (Lamiaceae). Plants 2021, 10, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040710
Mladenova T, Stoyanov P, Denev P, Dimitrova S, Katsarova M, Teneva D, Todorov K, Bivolarska A. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Balkan Endemic Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. (Lamiaceae). Plants. 2021; 10(4):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040710
Chicago/Turabian StyleMladenova, Tsvetelina, Plamen Stoyanov, Petko Denev, Stela Dimitrova, Mariana Katsarova, Desislava Teneva, Krasimir Todorov, and Anelia Bivolarska. 2021. "Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Balkan Endemic Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. (Lamiaceae)" Plants 10, no. 4: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040710