Integrative Pre-Breeding for Biotic Resistance in Forest Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms and Genomic Architecture of Biotic Stress Resistance
2.1. Mechanisms of Antagonistic Biotic Interactions
2.2. Genomic Architecture of Biotic Stress Resistance
2.3. Broad Responses to Antagonistic Biotic Interactions
3. Major Challenges When Studying Tree Defense Responses to Biotic Stresses
4. Novel Strategies to Speed up Tree Pre-Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance
4.1. Leveraging Integrative Approaches
4.2. Acknowledging and Harnessing Local Adaptation in Biotic Interactions
4.3. Genetic Edition Coupled with Gene Drives May Enable Tree Defense Responses
4.4. Harnessing Data Access
5. Conclusions
- Forest pathology must start integrating more thoroughly disciplines that allow understanding the biology and natural evolution of trees under biotic stress, seeking the conservation of the mechanisms by which species have defended themselves from biotic antagonistic agents.
- Polygenetic biotic resistance must be acknowledged as an equally plausible pre-adaptation as Mendelian inheritance. The latter configures a long-standing expectation from the Fisherian runaway pathogen–host concerted arms-race evolutionary model. According to this theoretical paradigm, loci conferring resistance are predicted to evolve in concert due to strong selection towards more durable and unbreakable resistance. In turn, concerted molecular evolution would likely promote long-term linkage disequilibrium and reduced recombination, making several resistance loci behave as a single Mendelian locus.
- Another prerogative must focus on deepening our ecological understating at the pathogen–species–environment interface, while better integrating this classical PDT paradigm with the modern disciplines of forest genomics, molecular biology, phylo-geography, and predictive breeding (i.e., genomic prediction).
- Promoting open access and information agreements among national and international parties (i.e., research centers, tree breeding cooperatives, and industries form the forestry sector) is equally relevant to build more cohesive input datasets to ultimately leverage these ‘big data’ integrative approaches for forest pathology breeding.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Location of Mapping Population | Genetic Markers | Number of Associated Genetic Markers | Genomic Architecture | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercus robur | France (bouran y champenoux) | SNPs | 2 regions, 165 and 196 genes, respectively | Polygenic | [16] |
Eucalyptus globulus | Tasmania | AFLPs y SSRs | 2 QTLs | Mendelian | [25] |
Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla | Brazil | SNPs | 1 gen with 218 SNPs | Mendelian | [17] |
Eucaliptus grandis | Brazil | RAPDs & 1 gen | 6 markers, 1 gen | Mendelian | [18] |
Picea abies | Finland | SNPs | 10 SNPs in 8 genes | Mendelian | [19] |
Pinus lambertiana | North America | SNPs | 4 SNPs in 3 genes | Polygenic | [20] |
Populus trichocarpa | NA | SNPs | NA | Polygenic | [21] |
Populus deltoides | North Central United States | RAPDs (OPG10 340 y OPZ19 1800) | NA | Polygenic | [26] |
Hevea spp. | South América | Kruskal–Wallis marker | 6 QTLs | Polygenic | [27] |
Eucalyptus | NA | SSRs, AFLPs, RAPDs, RFLPs, SNPs | 1 gen | Mendelian | [28] |
Populus deltoides × Populus trichocarpa | Europe | RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, STS, SSRs | NA | Polygenic | [29] |
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Guevara-Escudero, M.; Osorio, A.N.; Cortés, A.J. Integrative Pre-Breeding for Biotic Resistance in Forest Trees. Plants 2021, 10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102022
Guevara-Escudero M, Osorio AN, Cortés AJ. Integrative Pre-Breeding for Biotic Resistance in Forest Trees. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102022
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuevara-Escudero, Melisa, Angy N. Osorio, and Andrés J. Cortés. 2021. "Integrative Pre-Breeding for Biotic Resistance in Forest Trees" Plants 10, no. 10: 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102022