Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking with Serious GeoGames: Project Lily Pad
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Which spatial thinking abilities are relevant to disaster resilience?
- Which GIS tools and visual representations best connect disaster resilience with spatial thinking?
- What are the best practices for serious game design that incorporate spatial thinking, GIS tools, and visual representations for disaster resilience to achieve learning outcomes?
- Serious Games
- a.
- Representative Sources: Academic Journals
- i.
- Games and Culture
- ii.
- GeoGames and Geoplay: Game-Based Approaches to the Analysis of Geo-Information
- iii.
- Various Serious Games: Peer-Reviewed Conferences
- b.
- Representative Sources: Government Research
- i.
- US National Research Council
- c.
- Representative Sources: “Gray literature”
- i.
- Serious Games Case Studies
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- a.
- Representative Sources: Academic Journals
- i.
- Journal of Geography
- ii.
- GIS for Disaster Management
- iii.
- International Journal of Geographic Information Science
- iv.
- International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) International Journal of Geo-Information
- b.
- Representative Sources: Government Research
- i.
- US National Research Council
- c.
- Representative Sources: “Gray literature”
- i.
- Harvey Disaster Responder Accounts
- Spatial Thinking
- a.
- Representative Sources: Academic Journals
- i.
- GeoJournal
- ii.
- Journal of Geography
- iii.
- Journal of Geography in Higher Education
- b.
- Representative Sources: Government Research
- i.
- US National Research Council
- c.
- Representative Sources: “Gray literature”
- i.
- Harvey Survivor Accounts
- ii.
- News reports
- Disaster Resilience
- a.
- Representative Sources: Academic Journals
- i.
- Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
- ii.
- International Journal of Emergency Management
- iii.
- Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions
- b.
- Representative Sources: Disaster Resilience Practitioner Literature
- i.
- United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) Reports
- ii.
- US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- c.
- Representative Sources: Government Research
- i.
- US National Research Council
- d.
- Representative Sources: “Gray literature”
- i.
- Harvey Survivor Accounts
- ii.
- News Reports
2. Question 1: Which Spatial Thinking Abilities are Relevant to Disaster Resilience?
2.1. Disaster Resilience
2.2. Spatial Thinking, Skills, and Ability
3. Question 2: Which GIS Tools and Visual Representations Best Connect Disaster Resilience with Spatial Thinking?
4. Question 3: What are the Best Practices for Serious Game Design that Incorporate Spatial Thinking, GIS Tools, and Visual Representations for Disaster Resilience to Achieve Learning Outcomes?
4.1. Serious Game Case Studies
- Which spatial thinking or disaster resilience skills does this game teach?
- How does this game create a sense of place (or situational awareness)?
- Which attributes of this game contribute to game-based learning?
- How does the player receive feedback?
- Which strengths and limitations of this game are relevant to our own goals?
4.1.1. YouPlaceIt!
4.1.2. OriGami
4.1.3. Hazagora
4.1.4. Code Red: Triage
4.1.5. Case Study Summary
5. Methods and Materials: Project Lily Pad, a Serious GeoGame
5.1. Applying the Framework
Four Spatial Abilities
- A.
- Reading and interpreting a map;
- 1.
- Understanding how the two-dimensional environment of a map translates to the three-dimensional environment of a city;
- B.
- Navigating an environment;
- 1.
- Visualizing the street network of the environment;
- 2.
- Using distinct landmarks to orient oneself in space;
- 3.
- Finding detours around obstacles and rerouting on the fly;
- C.
- Translating verbal instructions into physical navigation;
- D.
- Good practices in a disaster;
- 1.
- Preparing for impending disasters by distributing supplies;
- 2.
- Determining why some places are better than others in terms of seeking refuge - determining good lily pads;
- 3.
- Understanding the wide-impact a disaster can have on a particular environment by comparing maps.
6. Results: Evaluating Project Lily Pad
6.1. Student Evaluations
6.2. Practicioner Evaluations
7. Future Work
8. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Tomaszewski, B.; Walker, A.; Gawlik, E.; Lane, C.; Williams, S.; Orieta, D.; McDaniel, C.; Plummer, M.; Nair, A.; San Jose, N.; et al. Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking with Serious GeoGames: Project Lily Pad. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060405
Tomaszewski B, Walker A, Gawlik E, Lane C, Williams S, Orieta D, McDaniel C, Plummer M, Nair A, San Jose N, et al. Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking with Serious GeoGames: Project Lily Pad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9(6):405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060405
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomaszewski, Brian, Amy Walker, Emily Gawlik, Casey Lane, Scott Williams, Deborah Orieta, Claudia McDaniel, Matthew Plummer, Anushka Nair, Nicolas San Jose, and et al. 2020. "Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking with Serious GeoGames: Project Lily Pad" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6: 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060405