Strategy for the Development of Cartography in Bulgaria with a 10-Year Planning Horizon (2025–2035) in the Context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0

Abstract

This strategic document outlines Bulgaria’s roadmap for modernizing its cartographic sector from 2025 to 2035, addressing the outdated geospatial infrastructure, lack of standardized digital practices, lack of coordinated digital infrastructure, outdated standards, and fragmented data management systems. The strategy was developed in accordance with the national methodology for strategic planning and through preliminary consultations with key stakeholders, including research institutions, business organizations, and public institutions. It aims to build a human-centered, data-driven geospatial framework aligned with global standards such as ISO 19100 and the EU INSPIRE Directive. Core components include: (1) modernization of the national geodetic system, (2) adoption of remote sensing and AI technologies, (3) development of interactive, web-based geospatial platforms, and (4) implementation of quality assurance and certification standards. A SWOT analysis highlights key strengths—such as existing institutional expertise—and critical challenges, including outdated legislation and insufficient coordination. The strategy emphasizes the need for innovation, regulatory reform, inter-institutional collaboration, and sustained investment. It ultimately positions Bulgarian cartography as a strategic contributor to national sustainable development and digital transformation.

1. Introduction

Our mission is to modernize and enhance Bulgaria’s cartographic development by aligning it through the integration of advanced digital technologies and a human-centered, data-driven approach that supports sustainable development, innovation, and public service improvement over the 2025–2035 period. In alignment with the strategic documents of the International Cartographic Association (ICA)—including the Research Agenda and the Cartographic Body of Knowledge [1,2,3]—we outline the main strategic pillars for Bulgaria. The 10-year horizon allows for:

Formulating a vision and strategic objectives—going beyond specific technologies and focus on sustainability, digital transformation, and innovation capacity.

Building capacity—human, institutional, and technological, which cannot be achieved in the short term.

Creating adaptive policies—with the possibility of periodic review and updates of the strategic document (e.g., every 2–3 years), allowing flexibility and responsiveness to new technological trends.

1.1. Significance of the Strategic Document

This strategy aims to outline the framework for the development of cartography in Bulgaria over the next 10 years, adapting to the digital transformation and future trends of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 [4].

Industry 4.0 refers to the ongoing automation of manufacturing and industrial processes using smart technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cyber–physical systems, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and big data analytics. The focus is on efficiency, connectivity, real-time data exchange, and the integration of digital technologies into production systems to enable smart factories. Industry 5.0, by contrast, builds upon the foundations of Industry 4.0 but shifts the focus toward human-centric, sustainable, and resilient industrial development. It emphasizes collaboration between humans and intelligent machines (e.g., collaborative robots), ethical use of AI, personalization of production, and aligning innovation with environmental and societal values. While Industry 4.0 prioritizes automation and optimization, Industry 5.0 reintroduces the human touch into advanced technological systems and stresses long-term sustainability.

Cartography plays a key role in numerous sectors of public and economic life, such as public administration, infrastructure, agriculture, and natural resource management. Its development will lay the foundation for creating information, data, and knowledge presented in an understandable way for institutions at various societal levels—national, regional, municipal, and local [5]. We aim to achieve “Society 5.0,” similar to Japan’s national strategy, by developing a human-centered society that advances economically while addressing social issues through an integrated system that seamlessly combines cyber and physical spaces, as described by Rojas et al. [6] and Fukui [7].

1.1.1. Modernization of Geodetic and Cartographic Systems

The need for modernization of geographic and cartographic systems is becoming increasingly urgent so that Bulgaria can meet the standards of developed nations in geosciences. Geodesy, the science of measuring and understanding the Earth’s shape, size, gravity field, and spatial orientation; and cartography, the science, technology, and art of map-making and visualizing spatial data, are both foundational to this transformation. A fully functional system for data mapping and video management is required, capable of operating on various computer platforms, including portable devices and laptops. Its accessible and flexible architecture should be easily customizable with open-source databases and user-protected databases. The design should integrate with cameras and spotlights that can direct the cameras’ and spotlights’ line of sight to any point on the map via touchscreen, mouse click, address, intersection, city, points of interest, or coordinate entries. Intuitive touch controls should offer 3D, street, satellite, and customized map views with augmented reality overlays on live video images. An example of such a platform in the U.S. is TrakkaMaps TM-100 [8].

1.1.2. Adaptation to International Geographic Information Standards (ISO 19100)

Adapting to international geographic information standards (ISO 19100) [9] requires creating a unified, standardized database that ensures compatibility and information exchange between different institutions and the private sector. It is necessary to develop new geographic information formats in accordance with these standards, facilitating integration with European and global geospatial systems. The implementation of modern technologies such as remote data collection methods, GIS platforms, and automated processes will enhance the accuracy and efficiency of cartographic activities. Additionally, clear regulations and guidelines for creating, maintaining, and sharing geographic data must be developed, ensuring their quality and reliability. Collaboration between state institutions, academia, and business is key to the successful application of these standards, ensuring sustainable development and modernization of cartographic activities in Bulgaria.

The ISO 19100 series includes standards for the management, exchange, visualization, and quality of geographic and cartographic information [10].

A complete list of standards, grouped by categories, is provided in Appendix A.

Adaptation to ISO 19100 is not just a technical task but a strategic decision for sustainable geodata management in the long term, as it supports international interoperability, aligns with EU directives like INSPIRE, and enhances Bulgaria’s ability to participate in cross-border data exchange and digital governance initiatives. It guarantees that data will be understandable, comparable, and useful in global contexts.

1.1.3. Improving Collaboration Between Institutions and the Private Sector

Collaboration between institutions and the private sector is essential to enable large-scale national projects, such as the construction of a National Geospatial Data Infrastructure, to be completed with private financing [11]. These partnerships work well when technologies and innovations from the private sector are combined with public sector incentives to complete the work on time and within the budget. Risks for private enterprises include cost overruns, technical failures, and the inability to meet quality standards, while for public partners, agreed-upon usage fees may not be supported by demand—for example, for a paid data system. Despite their advantages, public–private partnerships are often criticized for blurring the lines between legitimate public goals and private profit-driven activities, as well as for the perceived exploitation of society through self-serving actions and rent-seeking behaviors that may arise [12]. Despite these concerns, achieving fast and high-quality results in any area is impossible without such cooperation.

1.1.4. Preparing for the Era of Industry 5.0, Emphasizing Interaction Between Humans and Machines

Preparing for the era of Industry 5.0 in Bulgaria’s cartography requires a strategic approach that combines technological advancement with the human factor. While Industry 4.0 focused on automation and efficiency, Industry 5.0 highlights the interaction between people and intelligent technologies. This means integrating artificial intelligence, robotics, and automation with enhanced human control, creativity, and ethical considerations [13].

The transition to Industry 5.0 calls for a human-centered approach in cartographic processes. The use of AI-assisted cartographic systems will support specialists by facilitating the processing and analysis of geodata, but final interpretation and validation will remain in the hands of experts. The introduction of interactive GIS platforms will enable citizens, institutions, and companies to contribute their own observations and corrections. The development of “smart” maps that allow dynamic information updates via crowdsourcing will improve the accuracy and accessibility of cartographic data [14].

Enhancing human–machine interaction will be a key element of modern cartography. Virtual and augmented reality will provide new opportunities for training and visualization, making work with geospatial data more intuitive and efficient [15]. Humanoid AI assistants will help process large volumes of information, and voice commands and natural language use will simplify access to cartographic databases.

Technological progress must be combined with sustainable and ethical principles [16,17,18]. The development of ethical AI cartography will ensure that algorithms used in geodata analysis minimize biases and provide objective information. Environmentally conscious mapping will include the use of energy-efficient satellites and carefully planned spatial data collection to avoid unnecessary intrusion into private territories. Furthermore, strengthening cybersecurity will be essential for protecting geographic data and preventing unauthorized access [19].

Preparing for Industry 5.0 also requires developing new skills among cartography professionals. Training in areas such as AI cartography, machine learning, and satellite data processing will be critically important. New professional fields will emerge, such as “AI geoanalyst,” “digital cartographer-ethicist,” and “XR cartography specialist,” combining traditional cartographic knowledge with modern technologies [20]. Interdisciplinary collaboration among surveyors, programmers, AI specialists, and urban planners will contribute to creating more innovative and high-quality cartographic products.

Intelligent cartographic ecosystems will form the foundation of future cartography. The implementation of “digital twins” of territories will enable detailed simulation and real-time planning. Autonomous cartographic drones will work alongside humans to collect geodata, and the connectivity of cartographic systems with “smart cities” will ensure dynamic mapping of urban areas based on IoT sensors.

The benefits of this transition will be significant. The accuracy and efficiency of cartographic processes will improve, and the personalization of cartographic services will enable interactive maps tailored to the needs of different users. The ability to make more precise and faster decisions through intelligent analysis of geospatial data will be critically important for government, urban planning, and the private sector. In addition, the use of sustainable technologies will reduce costs and the negative environmental impact.

For Bulgaria to prepare for Industry 5.0 in cartography, it is necessary to achieve synergy between humans and technology, develop competencies in AI cartography, and introduce ethical and sustainable solutions for working with geospatial data. This will lead to smarter, more efficient, and more human-centered cartography that meets the current and future needs of society.

1.2. Development Approach

The strategy was developed in accordance with the national methodology for strategic planning and through preliminary consultations with stakeholders, including research institutions, business organizations, and public institutions, and the strategic framework can be seen in

Table 1. Strategic framework for the development of cartography in the context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0.

Vision and Strategic Objectives
Vision	Future-ready, human-centered, and sustainable national cartographic infrastructure
Objectives	Digital transformation of cartographic processes
	Integration of emerging technologies (AI, IoT, automation)
	Support for decision-making, science, and education
	Alignment with Industry 5.0 values (human-centric, resilient, sustainable)
Strategic Pillars
Innovation and Technology Integration	Human Capital and Capacity Building		Data Infrastructure and Standards		Sustainability and Societal Impact
smart mapping, automation, real-time geodata	education, training, knowledge transfer		interoperability, open data, geospatial platforms		green technologies, public services, inclusion
Implementation Phases
Phase 1 (Short-term, 1–2 years)	Phase 2 (Medium-term, 3–5 years)			Phase 3 (Long-term, 6–10 years)
Assessment, stakeholder engagement, pilot projects	Platform development, standards implementation, training programs			Full integration, innovation acceleration, evaluation and revision
Feedback and Evaluation Loop
Periodic review (every 2–3 years)	Adaptive policy adjustments			Monitoring of technological trends and societal needs

. It includes vision, objectives, innovation and technology integration, implementation plans, and feedback and evaluation loop.

2. Vision for the Development of Cartography

2.1. Situation Analysis

Modern technological tools have significantly stimulated the development of cartography, particularly in terms of detail and accuracy. A vast range of methods and tools are now used in cartographic production: aerial photogrammetry, sensors, GPS, satellites, and GIS systems [21]. Modern aerial photogrammetry is based on advanced technologies such as helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, commonly known as drones) and provides valuable data for contemporary mapping [22].

GIS-based mapping offers a fast route for analyses, research, and decision-making processes across various scientific and practical fields.

Sensors detect phenomena, changes, and physical characteristics of an area or object by transforming stimuli (sound, light, heat, or movement) into electrical signals. Examples include LIDAR (3D laser-based aerial mapping) and sonar (detecting underwater objects by sound propagation). Sensors contribute significantly to designing and creating highly detailed, accurate maps.

GPS devices are used in mobile cartography for navigation in airplanes, cars, boats, and smartphones. GPS is also a primary tool for land surveying. The spread of digital cartography has made GPS systems ubiquitous. Users can track traffic trends, mark coordinates, plot routes, and find their location on a map [23].

Satellites serve many purposes, from military intelligence to weather tracking and improving communication services. In mapping, satellites enable consistent, large-scale updates of Earth’s surface. Applications like Google Earth or cloud GIS services rely on satellites for precise geospatial data, increasing the speed and scope of mapping operations. Studies that once took months can now be conducted in minutes. Continuous satellite imagery allows the creation of thousands, even millions, of maps used in agriculture, utilities, forestry, Earth sciences, global change monitoring, and regional planning.

While sensors, GPS, and satellites are essential data collection methods, they cannot independently organize or manage the data they collect. GIS software (e.g., QGIS 3.40, ArcGIS Pro 3.5) provides the ideal solution, used to analyze, process, and visualize geospatial data. Traditionally desktop-based, these programs are increasingly becoming available as mobile and cloud solutions, allowing users to access GIS from anywhere, such as Trakka products [24].

Geographical names are another key component of geospatial information, requiring technological compatibility with other registers and databases. Each geographical name should be accompanied by relevant attributes and classifications. The Bulgarian Geographical Names Register, developed by the AGCC, ensures consistency and sustainability in using geographical names. An information system has been developed for registering, storing, updating, and retrieving data. A web-based application allows visualization on a Google map, search functionality, and exportation of results in KML format. The system supports both Bulgarian and English interfaces [25,26].

According to the Law on Geodesy and Cartography (Article 3, paragraph 5), a core activity in geodesy and cartography is the establishment, registration, and maintenance of a geographical names database, including the transcription of foreign geographical names [27]. Despite its legal designation, this function is currently not administered by any institution, resulting in a critical operational and governance gap. Given its statutory mandate, technical expertise, and central role in national geospatial activities, it is both logical and appropriate for the AGCC to assume this responsibility. The AGCC possesses the institutional capacity, access to relevant data infrastructures, and coordination mechanisms necessary to effectively implement and maintain a standardized national geographical names database in alignment with international norms. The MRDPW website states that the register was developed by the AGCC and is accessible at https://www.cadastre.bg/public-contracts/izpulnenie-na-deinost-3-suzdavane-na-registur-na-geografskite-naimenovaniya-i-dei, while INSPIRE data is accessible via the KAIS portal at https://kais.cadastre.bg/bg/Map, both of which are currently not functioning (as of 3 February 2025).

2.1.1. Organizational and Structural Model

All the main activities will be managed by a central authority (e.g., the AGCC), which will coordinate collaboration with scientific institutions, educational structures, NGOs, and the private sector. Each unit will have clearly defined responsibilities.

2.1.2. Relations with Other Sectors and the Public Sector

• Interaction with the public sector will be based on providing high-quality administrative services, including creating open data.
• The private sector will have access to data and will be able to participate in service delivery through partnerships.
• Partnerships between state administrations and scientific institutions will facilitate monitoring and resource management in Bulgaria.
• Collaboration between state structures, enterprises, scientific institutes, and NGOs will support various cartographic activities.
• Municipal structures and enterprises will also engage in thematic and specialized mapping activities.

The non-governmental organization in Bulgaria dedicated to cartography is the Bulgarian Cartographic Association (BCA). It can assist in forming partnerships with state and municipal structures regarding the certification of cartographic products and licensing of qualified individuals.

The BCA was established on April 8 2011, in Sofia by 40 Bulgarian cartographers and specialists. The association’s goals are:

• To unite and legitimize its members in front of society and government institutions.
• To represent and protect its members’ interests before state administration and support their activities.
• To propose legislative changes concerning cartographic activities.
• To collect and disseminate information on the development of cartographic activities in Bulgaria.
• To promote and share information on international cartographic developments.
• To encourage the development of young cartographers.
• To participate in and organize national and international events and conferences.
• To create a network of institutions for joint decision-making on cartographic development.
• To represent Bulgaria’s cartographic community internationally.

The BCA’s establishment has been legalized by the Bulgarian court and strongly supported by the AGCC, the South-East Europe Geospatial Information Association, many private cartographic and GIS companies, institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and several universities. On 8 July 2011, in Paris, the BCA was elected as the national representative of Bulgaria in the International Cartographic Association [28].

2.2. Environmental Assessment (External Factors)

The evaluation of the external environment for the development of cartography in Bulgaria can be conducted through an analysis of key external factors influencing the processes of digitalization, standardization, and innovation in the field of geospatial data.

2.2.1. Political and Legislative Factors

• European Regulations and Directives—Harmonizing Bulgarian cartographic activities with the INSPIRE Directive and international ISO 19100 standards creates opportunities for integration but requires investments in modernization [29];
• National Regulations—There is a need for legal compliance regarding boundaries and cadastral characteristics, as well as the standardization of cartographic products for government institutions;
• Public Policies and Strategic Plans—The lack of a unified national strategy for cartography and geospatial data could lead to duplication of resources and lack of coordination among institutions.

The Law on Geodesy and Cartography [26] identifies the creation and maintenance of state topographic maps as one of the primary activities in the field of geodesy and cartography (Article 3, Paragraph 1), including the production of large-scale topographic maps at scales of 1:5000 and 1:10,000 (Article 14, Paragraph 1, Item 1). In 2014, a new symbol system for the Large-Scale Topographic Map (ETK) and a regulation—Regulation No. V-12-1720 of 13 May 2014—were adopted [30]. The existing Instruction for the Production of Large-Scale Topographic Maps at scales of 1:10,000, 1:5000, and 1:2000 and for updating the Large-Scale Topographic Map at scales of 1:10,000 and 1:5000 was issued in 1985 and is no longer applicable. Due to the absence of a modern instruction for the creation of the ETK, the production of the map has not yet begun.

In 1993, Symbols for Cadastral Plans of Settlements and Unbuilt Areas at scales of 1:1000 and 1:500 were issued, thereby repealing the symbols for topographic plans at scales of 1:2000, 1:1000, and 1:500 (edition—GUGK 1960). With the adoption of the Law on Cadastre and Property Register, the symbol system for cadastral maps was also changed. Currently, there is no instruction and no symbol system for conducting geodetic surveys for the purposes of investment design. The previously mentioned symbol system for topographic plans is still in use, although it has been repealed and is outdated, lacking symbols for many types of objects and the ability to integrate modern technical tools.

Article 24, Paragraph 1 of the Law on Geodesy and Cartography (LGC) stipulates the introduction of licensing for conducting cartographic activities such as “the creation and maintenance of state topographic maps and orthophoto plans, and of topographic databases” (Article 3, Paragraph 4 of LGC), as well as the creation of general geographic, thematic, and other maps and atlases in graphic or digital form, globes, and relief maps (Article 4, Paragraph 3 of LGC). Such licensing is necessary both to ensure the quality of cartographic products and to implement the state’s policy regarding the boundaries of countries recognized by the Republic of Bulgaria, the correct spelling of geographical names on the country’s territory, and the proper orthography and transcription of foreign geographical names. Since the adoption of the LGC in 2006, no licensing for cartography has been introduced, which allows for the creation of maps with questionable accuracy and reliability, with some showing discrepancies from the officially accepted boundaries and names.

2.2.2. Economic Factors

• Financing—Opportunities exist for attracting funds from the EU (Digital Europe Programme, Horizon Europe) as well as private investments. However, state subsidies for the maintenance and updating of the cartographic database are insufficient;
• Competitiveness—The presence of private firms and international companies in the sector requires transparent conditions for the licensing and certification of cartographic products;
• Costs for Innovation—The implementation of remote technologies, drones, and satellite systems requires significant investment, but in the long term, it may reduce the costs associated with traditional mapping methods.

2.2.3. Technological Factors

• Digitalization and Automation—The introduction of GIS technologies, machine learning, and AI facilitates the processing and analysis of geospatial data;
• Open Data and Standards—The growing global trend toward open data allows free access to cartographic information but requires clear mechanisms for maintenance and updates;
• Cybersecurity and Data Protection—The increased use of online platforms for geospatial data creates challenges regarding the security and protection of sensitive information.

2.2.4. Social Factors

• Capacity and Education—The lack of sufficient specialists in GIS, remote sensing technologies, and spatial data analysis hinders the implementation of innovations;
• Public Interest—The increasing demand for accurate cartographic data from various users (academia, business, tourism sector, ecology) could accelerate the processes of digitalization and public access;
• Partnerships and Collaboration—There is a need for stronger synergy between academic institutions, government bodies, and the private sector to enhance expertise and develop the national cartographic system.

2.2.5. Environmental Factors

• Climate Change and Natural Disasters—There is a growing need for up-to-date and precise maps for natural resource management, environmental protection, and disaster response;
• Sustainable Development—Integrating environmental data into the national cartographic infrastructure is crucial for monitoring protected areas and natural processes.

Based on these factors, Bulgaria has the opportunity to leverage technological innovations and European policies to build a modern, standardized, and accessible cartographic system. However, success depends on effective government planning, investments, and coordination among institutions.

2.3. SWOT Analysis of the Current Situation

2.3.1. Strengths

• Highly Qualified Personnel
  Currently, Bulgarian cartography benefits from highly qualified specialists. However, their certification should be distinguished from that of geodesists due to the specific activities in which cartographers are engaged;
• Internationally Recognized Scientific Achievements
  The scientific achievements of Bulgarian cartography are highly regarded internationally. Scientists in the field of cartography hold prominent positions in international organizations.

2.3.2. Weaknesses

• Lack of Sufficient Funding
  It is evident from the activities financed by the Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency (GCCA) that cartography is undervalued and underdeveloped. There is a complete absence of administrative oversight and assignment of activities in the field of cartography.
• Insufficient Use of Modern Technologies
  Modern technologies have been scientifically validated and proposed, yet they are not being effectively utilized in current or future projects.
• Outdated or Missing Regulatory Framework for the Creation of Topographic Plans and Large-Scale Topographic Maps
• Lack of Certification for the Creation of Cartographic Materials

2.3.3. Opportunities

• Opportunity for Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems
  Development opportunities in this field lie in participation in European and other international projects, both as partners and leading entities.
• Access to European Funds for Digital Transition
  Each European country has extensive access to European funds aimed at supporting the digital transition. Currently, funding is available for digital technologies through the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021–2027. The EU’s long-term budget, also known as the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), promotes digital technologies. The latest information can be obtained from the EU Funding and Tenders Portal.

The digital sector is crucial for building a sustainable future that supports both individuals and businesses. The MFF for 2021–2027 [31] ensures support through various funding tools and programs, including:

• The “Digital Europe” Programme;
• The Connecting Europe Facility;
• Horizon Europe;
• Creative Europe.

The entire budget of the MFF exceeds EUR 1.8 trillion (in 2018 prices). Additionally, the “NextGenerationEU” initiative was introduced to support post-pandemic recovery efforts. This additional funding framework also facilitates the financing of digital projects. For example, the InvestEU program includes a dedicated digital component [32].

2.3.4. Threats

• Rapid Technological Obsolescence

The rapid development of technologies in the era of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 necessitates continuous investment and updates in the cartographic sector. Technologies such as remote data collection methods, artificial intelligence, and geographic information systems (GIS) are evolving dynamically, rendering today’s solutions potentially obsolete within a few years.

One of the major risks and challenges is the obsolescence of infrastructure, as equipment such as drones, sensors, and computer systems quickly becomes inefficient and incompatible with new standards. Data incompatibility is another significant threat; the swift evolution of software and hardware technologies can cause maintenance and integration issues for existing geospatial data. Financial burden is also a crucial factor, as both public institutions and private companies must allocate significant resources for technological upgrades, complicating long-term planning.

Moreover, the continuous need for training and retraining of specialists in the cartographic sector demands additional time and resources. Potential dependency on external suppliers poses yet another challenge, as Bulgarian cartographic institutions might become reliant on international technology companies that dictate the standards and development of tools.

To address these challenges, it is necessary to implement flexible strategies for technological renewal, which include planning for gradual investments in new technologies instead of pursuing large, one-time projects. The adoption of open formats and standards is key to ensuring long-term compatibility and independence from specific vendors. The establishment of a National Center for Cartographic Innovations would enable efficient monitoring and adoption of new trends, thus minimizing the risk of technological lag.

A long-term educational program is also essential to guarantee the training and retraining of specialists, ensuring their capability to work with the latest technologies.

Although rapid technological obsolescence is inevitable, it can be managed effectively through proper strategy and adaptability.

• Shortage of Personnel

The shortage of qualified personnel in the cartographic sector poses a serious threat to its development and adaptation to contemporary technological requirements. The rapid emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing methods for data collection, and geographic information systems demands specialists with up-to-date knowledge and skills. At the same time, educational programs often fail to keep pace with the dynamically changing industry demands, resulting in a shortage of qualified experts.

Many experienced specialists, trained in traditional cartographic methods, find it difficult to adapt to new technologies, while young professionals often seek better opportunities abroad or in other sectors offering higher salaries and better career prospects. The lack of sufficient funding for training and retraining further hampers the adaptation process to modern requirements.

Without adequate measures to attract and retain qualified personnel, Bulgaria’s cartographic sector risks falling behind global trends, which could lead to decreased efficiency, slower updates of cartographic data, and increased dependence on foreign specialists and technologies. Addressing this issue requires targeted investments in education, the establishment of internship programs, increasing sector salaries, and developing motivational mechanisms to retain experts in the country.

2.4. Vision for Development

Cartography in Bulgaria must evolve in line with the new technological capabilities offered by Industry 4.0 and 5.0, leveraging the advantages of automation, artificial intelligence, and remote technologies. This will enable faster and more accurate collection and processing of geospatial data.

2.5. Leading Principles

Utilizing all these innovative technologies, we propose that the state institutions responsible for cartographic activities and services take action to:

• Publish and provide free access to raster images from the archive of the GeoCartFund (plans and maps), accompanied by metadata for fast searchability;
• Create large-scale topographic maps of Bulgaria at scales 1:5000 and 1:10,000 using remote sensing methods in open formats and with geographic information system technologies, ensuring a mechanism for the widest possible professional involvement;
• Establish as soon as possible a geographic database (in an open GIS format at scales 1:1000 to 1:5000) for nationally significant layers: administrative boundaries of settlements, hydrographic objects, coastal lines, transport networks, protected areas, sand strips, and geographic names of locations and features, among others;
• Develop a program to align the boundaries and cadastral characteristics of all public state and municipal properties with legal requirements;
• Create and maintain a unified address register (open and machine-readable format);
• Create and maintain a National Atlas of the Republic of Bulgaria, both in hardcopy and electronic form. The National Atlas is a prestigious national publication providing a comprehensive characterization of the country’s nature and resources, population, history and culture, economy, and environmental status. Its creation is a significant contribution to the development of national culture.

2.6. Strategic Goals

2.6.1. Goal 1: Modernization of the Geodetic System

• Estimated timeframe: 2024–2028.
• Success indicators: Modernization of the cartographic projection, synchronization with European standards.
• Motives: Proven poorly selected parameters of the Lambert conformal conic projection with two standard parallels (part of BGS2005) causing unnecessarily high linear and area distortions, especially in demographically developed regions [33].

2.6.2. Goal 2: Establishment of New Standards for Data Exchange

• Estimated timeframe: 2025–2027.
• Success indicators: Development of new formats for geographic information compliant with ISO 19100.
• Motives: Standardization of geoinformation data in the Republic of Bulgaria for easier access and exchange at the national and international levels.

2.6.3. Goal 3: Implementation of Remote Sensing Technologies

• Estimated timeframe: 2024–2030
• Success indicators: Implementation of drones and satellite technologies for cartographic purposes.
• Motives: Lack of regulatory framework and practical guidelines for planning, executing, controlling, and accepting results from the use of unmanned aerial systems (drones) for cartographic purposes.

2.6.4. Goal 4: Creation and Maintenance of an Interactive Web-Based Cartographic Database

• Estimated timeframe: 2028–2035
• Success indicators: Avoidance of duplication in the creation of cartographic databases by different contractors.
• Motives: Absence of a unified information system regarding the availability of cartographic databases in the country; cost-effective use of existing databases; facilitating the exchange of cartographic information at national and international levels under the INSPIRE directive.

2.6.5. Goal 5: Development of Guidelines for the Creation of Specialized and Thematic Cartographic Works (Including Tourist and Educational Maps)

• Estimated timeframe: 2026–2028.
• Indicators: Creation of national standards.
• Motives: Utilization of low-quality cartographic products by state institutions, such as Bulgarian schools and ministries.

2.6.6. Goal 6: Certification of Cartographic Production with a “Quality Mark” According to Predefined Standards

• Estimated timeframe: 2026–2028.
• Indicators: Distinguishing quality cartographic products from others; assisting state institutions in selecting cartographic products.
• Motives: Preventing the creation of cartographic products by non-professionals.

2.6.7. Goal 7: Development and Maintenance of a Web-Based Database of Geographic Names Used in Bulgarian Maps

• Including names of countries, capitals, cities, orographic and hydrographic features, and others.
• Estimated timeframe: 2026–2035.
• Indicators: All individuals and companies producing cartographic products will use a standardized database.
• Motives: Lack of such a database (e.g., the Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides lists of countries spelled differently); strict standardization is necessary.

2.6.8. Goal 8: Creation of a Guideline for Producing Large-Scale Topographic Maps

• Estimated timeframe: 2025–2028.
• Success indicators: Adoption of regulatory documents by the Council of Ministers.
• Motives: Without developing this guideline, it is impossible to begin work on creating the Large-Scale Topographic Map (LSTM), as there are no established requirements for production technology, formats for transmission and storage of the finished map sheets, accuracy, completeness, and detail of the data.

2.6.9. Goal 9: Creation of a Symbol System and a Guideline for Producing Topographic Plans

• Estimated timeframe: 2025–2028.
• Success indicators: Adoption of regulatory documents by the Council of Ministers.
• Motives: There is no symbol system and guideline for producing topographic plans, which leads to the creation of plans for investment design without the necessary accuracy, completeness, and clarity of designations.

2.6.10. Goal 10: Introduction of Certification for Creating Topographic and Thematic Maps Under Article 24 of the Geodesy and Cartography Act (GCA)

• Estimated timeframe: 2025–2028
• Success indicators: Implementation of cartography certification.
• Motives: Specialized and thematic maps used by state and municipal institutions often have questionable content and quality.

2.7. Activities to Achieve the Goals

Modern cartography in Bulgaria began developing after the Russo-Turkish War of Liberation, when the Russian topographic corps gifted Bulgaria their verst maps (detailed and accurate topographic maps). Since then, Bulgarian cartography has been recognized internationally as a high-quality, well-maintained system producing quality cartographic products [34].

To maintain and enhance this level, several strategic tasks must be set at the national level:

• Modernization of the Bulgarian geodetic system;
• Development of new data exchange formats compatible with international standards;
• Implementation of new remote data collection and processing technologies through drones, satellite systems, and automation;
• Development of public–private partnerships to ensure quality data and services;
• Creation of regulations in compliance with Bulgarian legislation;
• Amendment of the regulatory framework to introduce cartography certification;
• Commissioning the development of a guideline for LSTM production;
• Commissioning the development of a symbol system and a guideline for topographic plans.

2.8. Expected Results from the Activities (Performance Indicators)

2.8.1. Business Model for Financing

Activities will be financed by the state budget, European funds, and revenues from fees for the use of cartographic data. Part of the collected fees will be used for targeted national projects.

2.8.2. Measures and Deadlines

Measure 1: Updating the legislation

• Deadline: 2024–2026.
• Description: Creating conditions for the production of LSTM and topographic plans according to modern standards. Ensuring control over the content and quality of cartographic products.
• Pros: Legal clarity.
• Cons: Time-consuming; incurs costs to the state budget.

Measure 2: Providing technical infrastructure

• Deadline: 2024–2028.
• Pros: Improving the quality of cartographic information.
• Cons: High investment costs.

Measure 3: Training personnel

• Deadline: 2024–2030.
• Pros: Raising qualification levels.
• Cons: Requires collaboration with educational institutions.

2.8.3. Monitoring and Updates

Monitoring will be conducted annually to review the achieved results against the set indicators. The strategy will be updated every five years based on technological progress and societal needs. Such an example is “Making maps & visualizations for mobile devices” [35] or maps for early warning systems [36,37].

2.8.4. Future Works

An example of a detailed table outlining strategic goals, along with their associated activities, tasks, and results/indicators, is provided in Appendix B: “Creation and Maintenance of a National Atlas of the Republic of Bulgaria.” Similar tables can be developed for each strategic goal following the adoption of the proposed strategy. These steps will enable all relevant institutions to effectively implement and monitor the goals.

3. Conclusions

The strategic development of cartography in Bulgaria is essential for delivering modern, high-quality services that support the nation’s economic growth and social progress. The transition toward Industry 4.0 and the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0 will bring transformative changes to the cartographic sector, necessitating innovation, collaboration, and sustained investment in advanced technologies.

To meet these demands, Bulgaria must focus on the modernization and digitalization of its cartographic infrastructure, as well as the establishment of robust mechanisms for managing and maintaining geospatial data. The conducted SWOT analysis highlights both the sector’s potential and its critical vulnerabilities, underscoring the urgency for strategic and coordinated action.

Among the major challenges facing Bulgarian cartography are limited funding, an outdated regulatory environment, and the underutilization of modern technological tools. However, significant opportunities exist, including the integration of artificial intelligence and automation, along with access to European funding for digital transformation initiatives.

At the same time, threats such as rapid technological obsolescence and a shortage of qualified professionals call for the implementation of a long-term strategy for education, retraining, and talent attraction.

Key principles for the sector’s development include the following:

Ensuring free access to cartographic archives and geographic databases;

Producing large-scale topographic maps using open formats and licenses;

Establishing a clear legal framework for cartographic activities and product certification;

Adopting remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems (GIS);

Defining standards for geospatial data and facilitating interoperability of cartographic products;

Creating a national atlas and developing web-based cartographic information platforms.

The proposed strategic goals offer a concrete roadmap for the modernization and standardization of cartographic activities in Bulgaria. Their implementation will enhance the efficiency and quality of cartographic outputs, aligning them with European and global standards.

In the long run, these initiatives will ensure the sustainable advancement of the cartographic sector, making reliable geographic data readily available to public institutions, private enterprises, and citizens alike.