Smartphone GPS Locations of Students’ Movements to and from Campus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Mobile Phone GPS Data
2.3. Identifying Residence–Campus Commutes
2.4. Campus Experience
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Model Comparison
3.2. Visit Length
3.3. Visit Frequency
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variable Name | Source |
---|---|---|
Temporal | Commute time | Time between point leaving home and arriving on campus (hours) |
Year | - | |
Weekday | Weekend versus weekday | |
Spatial (local) | Bus and LRT | Length of bus and LRT routes within 500 m buffer of home |
Speed | Distance from campus/commute time | |
Network warp | Mean network warp within 500 m buffer of home | |
Euclidean length | Euclidean distance between home and nearest edge of campus (metres) | |
Quadrant | Quadrant of city home is located | |
Spatial (commute) | Average speed | Cumulative step length/commute time |
Commute length | Sum of distance between consecutive relocations (steps) within bout | |
Proportion on highway | Proportion of points along commute within 100 m of a highway | |
Proportion on LRT | Proportion of points along commute within 100 m of LRT | |
Proportion on bus route | Proportion of points along commute within 100 m of a bus route | |
Random effects | Participant ID | - |
Bout type | Home to campus/campus to home | |
Trip ID | - |
Response Variable | Model Set | Model Name | Model Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Visit length | Local | Spline | visit_length ~ s (euclidean_length) + network_warp + length_bus + length_ctrain + length_highways+ quadrant + weekday + year + semester + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) |
Distance | visit_length ~ euclidean_length + network_warp + length_bus + length_ctrain + length_highways+ quadrant + weekday + year + semester + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Base | visit_length ~ euclidean_length + weekday + semester + year + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Commute | Spline | visit_length ~ s (commute_length * speed) + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + weekday + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | |
Speed | commute_length * speed + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + weekday + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Distance | visit_length ~ commute_length + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + weekday + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Base distance | visit_length ~ commute_length + weekday + semester + year + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Visit frequency | Local | Spline | Visit_freq ~ s (euclidean_length) + network_warp + length_bus + length_ctrain + length_highways + weekday + year + semester + quadrant |
Distance | Visit_freq ~ euclidean_length + network_warp + length_bus + length_ctrain + length_highways + weekday + year + semester + quadrant | ||
Base | |||
Commute | Spline | visit_freq ~ s (commute_length * speed) + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip/bout_type) + (1|userid) | |
Speed | visit_freq ~ commute_length * speed + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip/bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Distance | visit_freq ~ commute_length + network_warp + prop_bus + prop_ctrain + prop_highways + year + semester + quadrant + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) | ||
Base distance | visit_freq ~ commute_length + semester + year + (1|trip*bout_type) + (1|userid) |
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Doyle-Baker, P.K.; Ladle, A.; Rout, A.; Galpern, P. Smartphone GPS Locations of Students’ Movements to and from Campus. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080517
Doyle-Baker PK, Ladle A, Rout A, Galpern P. Smartphone GPS Locations of Students’ Movements to and from Campus. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(8):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080517
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoyle-Baker, Patricia K., Andrew Ladle, Angela Rout, and Paul Galpern. 2021. "Smartphone GPS Locations of Students’ Movements to and from Campus" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 8: 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080517