The Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition for Breast Carcinogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer
3. The Role of the TGF-β Pathway in Breast Cancer
4. Relevant Regulatory Factors of EMT
5. Exosomes in EMT
6. Angiogenesis in EMT
7. ECM Remodeling during EMT
8. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling in EMT
9. Tumor Microenvironment and EMT Formation
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Transcription Factor | Role | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Zinc-finger domain | SNAIL | Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. | [32] |
SLUG | Downregulation of E-cadherin expression occurs during the EMT, a process also exploited by invasive cancer cells. | [33] | |
ZEB1 | Represses E-cadherin promoter and induces EMT by recruiting SMARCA4/BRG1. | [34] | |
ZEB2 | ZEB2 protein is involved in chemical signaling pathways that regulate early growth and development. | [35] | |
bHLH | TWIST1 | Overexpression of TWIST1 induces EMT, a key process in the metastasis formation of cancer. | [36] |
FOX | FOXC1 | FOXC1 partially promotes tumor metastasis by regulating EMT programs to support microvascular invasion, thereby increasing angiogenesis. | [37] |
FOXC2 | Transcriptional activator that are upregulated in breast cancer. | [38] | |
Homeobox | SIX1 | Six1 can promote the metastasis of human tumors, and the increased expression of Six1 can be used as an indicator for predicting breast cancer metastasis. | [39] |
LBX1 | LBX1 is upregulated in the unfavorable estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone (PR)/HER2 triple-negative basal-like subtype. | [40] | |
cadherin | E-cadherin | E-cadherin an active suppressor of invasion and growth of many epithelial cancers. | [41,42] |
N-cadherin | It is dependent on its association with the actin-cytoskeleton and is mediated through interactions with catenin proteins. | [43] |
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Li, C.-J.; Chu, P.-Y.; Yiang, G.-T.; Wu, M.-Y. The Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition for Breast Carcinogenesis. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090476
Li C-J, Chu P-Y, Yiang G-T, Wu M-Y. The Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition for Breast Carcinogenesis. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090476
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chia-Jung, Pei-Yi Chu, Giou-Teng Yiang, and Meng-Yu Wu. 2019. "The Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition for Breast Carcinogenesis" Biomolecules 9, no. 9: 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090476