Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature
by
Bahare Salehi 1
, Shashi Upadhyay 2, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan 3,*, Arun Kumar Jugran 4,*, Sumali L.D. Jayaweera 5, Daniel A. Dias 5, Farukh Sharopov 6, Yasaman Taheri 7, 
Natália Martins 8,9, Navid Baghalpour 7, 
William C. Cho 10,* and Javad Sharifi-Rad 11,*
Bahare Salehi 1, Shashi Upadhyay 2, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan 3,*, Arun Kumar Jugran 4,*, Sumali L.D. Jayaweera 5, Daniel A. Dias 5, Farukh Sharopov 6, Yasaman Taheri 7, Natália Martins 8,9, Navid Baghalpour 7, William C. Cho 10,* and Javad Sharifi-Rad 11,*
1
Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
2
G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263643, Uttarakhand, India
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
4
G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Srinagar-246174, Uttarakhand, India
5
School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
6
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, 734003 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
7
Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
8
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
9
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
10
Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong, China
11
Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2019, 9(11), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110738
Received: 8 September 2019 / Revised: 6 November 2019 / Accepted: 8 November 2019 / Published: 14 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Food-Derived Bioactive Molecules on Human Longevity and Disease Prevention)
α- and β-pinene are well-known representatives of the monoterpenes group, and are found in many plants’ essential oils. A wide range of pharmacological activities have been reported, including antibiotic resistance modulation, anticoagulant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Leishmania, and analgesic effects. This article aims to summarize the most prominent effects of α- and β-pinene, namely their cytogenetic, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, cytoprotective, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as their effects against H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress, pancreatitis, stress-stimulated hyperthermia, and pulpal pain. Finally, we will also discuss the bioavailability, administration, as well as their biological activity and clinical applications.
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Keywords:
α-pinene, β-pinene; pharmacological activities; cytotoxicity; bioavailability; clinical studies
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Salehi, B.; Upadhyay, S.; Erdogan Orhan, I.; Kumar Jugran, A.; L.D. Jayaweera, S.; A. Dias, D.; Sharopov, F.; Taheri, Y.; Martins, N.; Baghalpour, N.; C. Cho, W.; Sharifi-Rad, J. Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 738.
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