Amazon Fruits Inhibit Growth and Promote Pro-apoptotic Effects on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Extraction of Samples
2.3. Carotenoid Analysis
2.4. Determination of total Phenolics
2.5. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
2.5.1. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay
2.5.2. Ferric-Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) Assay
2.5.3. Scavenger Radical Activity (DPPH)
2.5.4. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay
2.6. Cell Culture and Treatment Protocol
2.7. Cytotoxic Analysis
2.7.1. MTT Assay
2.7.2. Cell Cycle
2.7.3. Apoptosis Assays
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bioactive Properties of Murici (ME) and Tapereba (TAP) Extracts
3.2. Cytotoxic Analysis—MTT
3.3. Effect of ME and TAP on Cell Cycle Progression
3.4. Effect of Murici and Tapereba Extracts in an Apoptosis Assay
3.5. Cytotoxic Analysis—MTT after Combined Treatment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAPH | 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride |
ABTS/TEAC | Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity |
A2780 | Human ovarian carcinoma cell line |
ACRP | Human ovarian carcinoma cell line cisplatin resistant |
AUC | Area under the curve |
CDDP | Cisplatin |
CV | Coefficient of variation |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
FRAP | Ferric reducing ability of plasma |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalents |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
INCA | National Cancer Institute |
LAAF | Laboratory for Analysis of Functional Foods |
ME | Murici |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) |
ORAC | Oxygen radical absorbance capacity |
PBS | Phosphate buffered saline solution |
PI | Propidium iodide |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RPMI 1640 | Cell culture medium |
TAP | Tapereba |
TE | Trolox equivalent |
TPTZ | 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine |
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Parameter | ME | TAP |
---|---|---|
Total phenolics (mg gallic acid (GAE)/mL) | 1634.05 ± 278.18 a | 1049.09 ± 95.68 b |
ORAC assay (μM TE/g) | 1020.39 ± 88.43 a | 623.72 ± 38.75 b |
FRAP assay (μmol ferrous sulphate/g) | 1014.71 ± 2.08 a | 644.55 ± 10.89 b |
DPPH assay (% reduction) | 70.17 ± 4.61 a | 78.70 ± 0.28 b |
TEAC assay (μmol TE/g) | 1620.95 ± 114.65 a | 1090.90 ± 296.04 b |
Parameter | ME | TAP |
---|---|---|
Total carotenoids | 86.30 ± 8.82 b | 185.92 ± 12.86 a |
Lutein | 23.39 ± 1.41 a | 11.96 ± 0.07 b |
Zeaxanthin | 5.20 ± 1.02 a | 1.25 ± 0.10 b |
Zeinoxanthin | 1.92 ± 0.21 b | 45.72 ± 2.92 a |
β-cryptoxanthin | 1.32 ± 0.34 b | 89.81 ± 4.58 a |
α-carotene | 0.48 ± 0.11 b | 18.25 ± 2.99 a |
β-carotene | 4.61 ± 1.62 b | 17.45 ± 3.57 a |
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de Souza, V.R.; Brum, M.C.M.; Guimarães, I.d.S.; dos Santos, P.d.F.; do Amaral, T.O.; Abreu, J.P.; Passos, T.; Freitas-Silva, O.; Gimba, E.R.P.; Teodoro, A.J. Amazon Fruits Inhibit Growth and Promote Pro-apoptotic Effects on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110707
de Souza VR, Brum MCM, Guimarães IdS, dos Santos PdF, do Amaral TO, Abreu JP, Passos T, Freitas-Silva O, Gimba ERP, Teodoro AJ. Amazon Fruits Inhibit Growth and Promote Pro-apoptotic Effects on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(11):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110707
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Souza, Vanessa Rosse, Mariana Concentino Menezes Brum, Isabella dos Santos Guimarães, Paula de Freitas dos Santos, Thuane Oliveira do Amaral, Joel Pimentel Abreu, Thuane Passos, Otniel Freitas-Silva, Etel Rodrigues Pereira Gimba, and Anderson Junger Teodoro. 2019. "Amazon Fruits Inhibit Growth and Promote Pro-apoptotic Effects on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines" Biomolecules 9, no. 11: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110707