Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of ROS in Cancer Progression
2.1. ROS-Mediated Induction of Oxidative Stress
2.2. Inflammatory Markers and ROS
2.3. Cancer Metastasis and ROS
2.4. Angiogenesis and ROS
3. Role of ROS in Cancer Cell Killing
3.1. Cellular Apoptosis and ROS
3.2. Autophagy and ROS
3.3. Anticancer Therapy and ROS
3.4. Inhibition of Antioxidant System in Cancer Cells
3.5. Production of ROS Directly in Cancer Cells
3.6. miRNAs and ROS
4. ROS: A Double-Edged Sword
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect | Mechanism | Cell Line | References |
---|---|---|---|
Oxidative Stress | Aquaporin AQP5-mediated H2O2 influx rate indicates the presence of a highly efficient peroxiporin activity and consequently activates signaling networks related to cell survival and cancer progression | Pancreatic Carcinoma line-3 (BxPC3) | [7] |
PCB118 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) proliferation via Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)-dependent up-regulation of glycolysis, which is mediated by Aryl hydrocarbon receptor/Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (AhR/NADPH oxidase)-induced ROS prouction | SMMC-7721 | [8] | |
Enhanced ROS of exposed cells alters the mitochondrial metabolic activities in terms of increased mitochondrial mass and DNA content and initiates cancer progression through modifying cellar biomarkers | MOE1A | [9] | |
Inflammatory markers | Serum ROS and damaged mtDNA may be markers of mitochondrial metabolism through oxygenation of the primary tumor and results in systemic inflammation and adverse outcomes of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) | HCT-116, HT-29, and LoVo | [10] |
Inflammation in the stroma induces TNF-α signaling and the NOX1/ROS signaling pathway is activated downstream with expression of TLR2 which is an important tumor-promoting mechanism stimulated by inflammation | Mouse Model | [11] | |
Alkylating agents may evoke inflammatory responses that seem to contribute to malignant progression in specific breast cancer cells | MDA-MB231, Hs578T, SKBR3 and MCF7 | [12] | |
Metastasis | ROS induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the glycolytic switch, and mitochondrial repression by activating the Distal-less homeobox-2 (Dlx-2)/Snail axis, thereby playing crucial roles in metastasis | MCF-7 | [13] |
Elevated mitochondrial ROS via fatty acid β-oxidation, activates the MAPK cascades, results in EMT process of ROS high tumor spheres (RH-TS) cells, and enhances metastasis | 4 T1, SW480, HCT116 and HT29 | [14] | |
Loss of TMEM126A induces ROS production with mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently metastasis by activating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and EMT | MDA-MB-231HM | [15] | |
PM2.5 exposure induces ROS, which activates loc146880 expression and promotes the malignant behavior | A549 | [16] | |
Angiogenesis | ROS-ERK1/2-HIF-1α-VEGF-induces angiogenesis by increased level of RRM2 | C33A and MCF-7 | [17] |
High glucose increases angiogenesis and decreases apoptosis due to activation of the NF-κB pathway by increasing ROS | MCF-7 | [18] | |
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) enhanced the generation of ROS and activates the STAT-3/VEGF signaling in an ER independent manner which results in induced angiogenesis | Breast Cancer Cells | [19] |
Effect | Mechanism | Cell Line | References |
---|---|---|---|
Apoptosis | Increase in cell oxidation by c-Met-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway and promotes apoptotic cell death | 786-O and ACHN | [116] |
Apoptosis enhanced by ROS by affecting MAPK & AKT signaling and DNA damage mediated p53 phosphorylation | HePG-2 Cells | [117] | |
↓ ROS by expression of GPx3 and leads to G2/M arrest | H157, H460, A549, H1299, H1650, and H1975 lung cancer cells | [118] | |
↑ ROS by knockdown of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase and significant cell apoptosis under oxidative Stress | GES-1, SGC7901, SNU216, MKN45, MKN74, BGC823, HGC27 and MGC803 | [119] | |
Short mRNA | Salviamiltiorrhiza treatment induces apoptosis through regulation of miR-216b and ROS/ER stress pathways | U266 and U937 Cells | [120] |
miR-21 silencing effect the ROS-induced activation, invasion, migration, and glycolysis of Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) | Human PSCs, Panc-1 | [121] | |
Down-regulation of NOX2 using siRNA technology in decreased cell viability and ROS content | SNU719 cells | [122] | |
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) regulates miRNA biogenesis through alteration of ROS-dependent MITF-DICER pathway | Animal cancer model | [123] | |
Autophagy | Silencing of YAP enhanced autophagic flux by increasing RAC1-driven ROS, through inactivation of mTOR | BEL/FU, BEL-7402 | [124] |
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (ZON) evoked autophagy by accelerating the intracellular dissolution of ZONs and ROS generation. | MCF-7/ADR | [125] | |
Cell killing was due to the summative effect of caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and caspase-independent autophagy by activation of MAPK family members (ERK1/2 and JNK) with generation of ROS | SNU-719 | [126] |
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Aggarwal, V.; Tuli, H.S.; Varol, A.; Thakral, F.; Yerer, M.B.; Sak, K.; Varol, M.; Jain, A.; Khan, M.A.; Sethi, G. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735
Aggarwal V, Tuli HS, Varol A, Thakral F, Yerer MB, Sak K, Varol M, Jain A, Khan MA, Sethi G. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(11):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735
Chicago/Turabian StyleAggarwal, Vaishali, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Ayşegül Varol, Falak Thakral, Mukerrem Betul Yerer, Katrin Sak, Mehmet Varol, Aklank Jain, Md. Asaduzzaman Khan, and Gautam Sethi. 2019. "Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements" Biomolecules 9, no. 11: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735