Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Imaging Protocol
2.2. Subject Recruitment and Study Approval
2.3. Retardation and Image Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Thickness Behavior versus Blood Vessel Diameter
3.2. SNR and the Birefringence of the Blood Vessel Wall
3.3. Thickness and DPPR/UD Comparison in Normal and Diabetic Blood Vessels
3.4. BBI Measurements
3.5. Classifying Thresholds Based on 95th and 5th Percentiles
3.6. BBI Values along a Vessel
3.7. Repeatability
3.8. Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Weaknesses
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Normal (N = 10) | Diabetes (N = 5) |
---|---|---|
Age ± SD, y | 49 ± 11 | 47 ± 8 |
Age range, y | 30 to 64 | 33 to 59 |
Eyes, N | 18 | 10 |
Sum of vessels analyzed (artery/vein) | 44/45 | 30/31 |
Sex (female/male), N | 4/6 | 2/3 |
Height, mean ± SD, cm | 178 ± 8 | 173 ± 9 |
Body mass index ± SD, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 2.1 | 27.3 ± 2.2 |
Smoking status | ||
Never, N (%) | 7 (70%) | 4 (80%) |
Former, N (%) | 2 (20%) | 1 (20%) |
Current, N (%) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) |
Clinical characteristics | ||
Type I/II | N/A | 0/5 |
Controlled/uncontrolled | N/A | 5/0 |
Disease duration ± SD, y | N/A | 3.5 ± 1.3 |
Disease duration, range, y | N/A | 1.5 to 7 |
Diabetic retinopathy | N/A | 0 |
Hypertension | N/A | 0 |
BBI Average Values (m) | Average Birefringence (×10−4) | Average Thickness (µm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artery | Vein | All | Artery | Vein | All | Artery | Vein | All | |
Diabetic ± SD | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 10.8 ± 2.1 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 11.8 ± 1.1 | 12.1 ± 1.4 | 14 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 |
Normal ± SD | 35.8 ± 4.5 | 41.8 ± 3.6 | 38.8 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 15 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.68 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
BBI Thresholds (m) | ||
---|---|---|
Diabetic | Normal | |
Artery | <15.6 | >15.8 |
Vein | <13.8 | >13.8 |
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Afsharan, H.; Silva, D.; Joo, C.; Cense, B. Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13081230
Afsharan H, Silva D, Joo C, Cense B. Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(8):1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13081230
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfsharan, Hadi, Dilusha Silva, Chulmin Joo, and Barry Cense. 2023. "Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study" Biomolecules 13, no. 8: 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13081230