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Volume 14
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Review

Influence of Uric Acid on Vascular and Cognitive Functions: Evidence for an Ambivalent Relationship

by
Francesco Baratta
1,†,
Federica Moscucci
1,†,
Evaristo Ettorre
1,2,
Raffaella Bocale
3,
Arrigo F. G. Cicero
4,5,
Pietro Cirillo
6,
Federica Fogacci
5,
Ilaria Lospinuso
1,
Carmine Savoia
7,
Alessandro Mengozzi
8,
Agostino Virdis
8,
Claudio Borghi
4,5,‡ and
Giovambattista Desideri
1,2,*,‡
1
Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
3
Unit of Endocrinology, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
4
Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, IRCCS AOU BO, 40138 Bologna, Italy
5
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
6
Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy
7
Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
8
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work as first author.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work as senior author.
Metabolites 2024, 14(11), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14110642
Submission received: 24 October 2024 / Revised: 13 November 2024 / Accepted: 15 November 2024 / Published: 20 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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Abstract

The growing recognition of the public health impact of cognitive impairment and dementia has sparked a global initiative to identify risk factors and develop strategies to prevent or slow the progression of these cognitive disorders. Uric acid, the end product of the metabolism of purine nucleotides, has been reported as a key factor of many conditions potentially involved in cognitive dysfunction/dementia. In addition, some studies support the hypothesis that elevated uric acid levels could reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, slow down the decline of cognition, and delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, while other evidence achieves opposite positions. These discrepancies might reflect a biological ambivalence for uric acid depending on a very complex interplay of factors that include its concentrations achieved in biological fluids, the nature, and concentration of free radicals, the presence and concentration of other antioxidant molecules, potentially responsible for bi-directional effects of uric acid on brain health/functioning. In this narrative review, we attempt to elucidate the influential role of uric acid metabolism in cognitive functioning by discussing pathophysiological mechanisms putatively involved, being well aware that none of them can be considered one-sided due to the complexity of the human organism.
Keywords: uric acid; cardiovascular disease; cerebrovascular disease; cognitive function uric acid; cardiovascular disease; cerebrovascular disease; cognitive function

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MDPI and ACS Style

Baratta, F.; Moscucci, F.; Ettorre, E.; Bocale, R.; Cicero, A.F.G.; Cirillo, P.; Fogacci, F.; Lospinuso, I.; Savoia, C.; Mengozzi, A.; et al. Influence of Uric Acid on Vascular and Cognitive Functions: Evidence for an Ambivalent Relationship. Metabolites 2024, 14, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14110642

AMA Style

Baratta F, Moscucci F, Ettorre E, Bocale R, Cicero AFG, Cirillo P, Fogacci F, Lospinuso I, Savoia C, Mengozzi A, et al. Influence of Uric Acid on Vascular and Cognitive Functions: Evidence for an Ambivalent Relationship. Metabolites. 2024; 14(11):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14110642

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baratta, Francesco, Federica Moscucci, Evaristo Ettorre, Raffaella Bocale, Arrigo F. G. Cicero, Pietro Cirillo, Federica Fogacci, Ilaria Lospinuso, Carmine Savoia, Alessandro Mengozzi, and et al. 2024. "Influence of Uric Acid on Vascular and Cognitive Functions: Evidence for an Ambivalent Relationship" Metabolites 14, no. 11: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14110642

APA Style

Baratta, F., Moscucci, F., Ettorre, E., Bocale, R., Cicero, A. F. G., Cirillo, P., Fogacci, F., Lospinuso, I., Savoia, C., Mengozzi, A., Virdis, A., Borghi, C., & Desideri, G. (2024). Influence of Uric Acid on Vascular and Cognitive Functions: Evidence for an Ambivalent Relationship. Metabolites, 14(11), 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14110642

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