Associations of Early Pregnancy Metabolite Profiles with Gestational Blood Pressure Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Metabolomics Analysis
2.3. Blood Pressure and Gestational Hypertensive Disorders
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Maternal Early-Pregnancy Metabolites and Gestational Blood Pressure
3.3. Maternal Early-Pregnancy Metabolites and Prediction of Higher Blood Pressure
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of Main Findings
4.2. Methodological Considerations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | amino-acids |
Carn | carnitines |
Carn.a | acyl-carnitines |
NEFA | non-esterified fatty acids |
Lyso.PC.a | acyl-lysophosphatidylcholines |
Lyso.PC.e | alkyl-lysophosphatidylcholines |
PC | phosphatidylcholines |
PC.aa | diacyl-phosphatidylcholines |
PC.ae | acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholines |
PL | phospholipids |
SM | sphingomyelins |
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Characteristic | Total Sample n = 803 |
---|---|
Age at enrolment, mean (±SD), years | 31.4 (4.1) |
Parity, n (%) | |
Nulliparous | 490 (61.0) |
Multiparous | 313 (39.0) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
Dutch | 803 (100) |
Other | 0 (0) |
Education, n (%) | |
Primary | 15 (1.9) |
Secondary | 278 (34.8) |
Higher | 506 (63.3) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m2 | 22.6 (20.9, 25.2) |
Smoking, n (%) | |
Never smoked during pregnancy | 553 (75.9) |
Smoked until pregnancy was known | 73 (10.0) |
Continued smoking in pregnancy | 103 (14.1) |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | |
Early pregnancy | 118.9 (13.0) |
Mid pregnancy | 119.4 (12.3) |
Late pregnancy | 120.4 (11.0) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | |
Early pregnancy | 67.0 (10.0) |
Mid pregnancy | 68.1 (9.7) |
Late pregnancy | 69.9 (9.3) |
Gestational hypertensive disorders, n (%) | |
Gestational hypertension | 37 (4.8) |
Preeclampsia | 12 (1.6) |
History of hypertensive disorders, n(%) | |
Pre-existing hypertension | 9 (1.1) |
Gestational hypertensive disorders | 38 (4.7) |
Model | Difference in Blood Pressure (95% CI) | Adjusted R2 (%) | SD Residuals |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical model systolic blood pressure | 2.6 | 11.9 | |
Maternal age | 0.22 (−0.02, 0.46) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | −0.52 (−0.76, −0.27) | ||
Parity | −0.41 (−1.80, 0.98) | ||
Smoking | −0.39 (−3.09, 2.31) | ||
Metabolite model systolic blood pressure | 9.2 | 11.3 | |
Maternal age | 0.24 (−1.76, 0.48) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | −0.54 (−7.92, −0.28) | ||
Parity | −0.62 (−1.99, 0.76) | ||
Smoking | 0.19 (−2.47, 2.84) | ||
Arginine | −0.03 (−0.25, 0.02) | ||
Asparagine | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | ||
Glycine | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | ||
Lysine | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | ||
Tryptophan | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.05) | ||
NEFA_18_0 | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | ||
NEFA_26_0 | −7.80 (−17.80, 2.20) | ||
PC.aa.C34.4 | −1.17 (−2.42, 0.08) | ||
PC.ae.C36.5 | −0.18 (−0.57, 0.21) | ||
SM.a.C37.1 | 1.73 (−0.16, 3.62) | ||
SM.a.C38.2 | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.37) | ||
SM.a.C39.2 | 3.31 (0.53, 6.08) | ||
SM.a.C41.1 | −0.26 (−0.64, 0.11) | ||
SM.a.C43.2 | −1.12 (−2.58, 0.33) | ||
Carn.a.C16.1 | 29.34 (−12.25, 70.96) | ||
Carn.a.C16.2 | 26.95 (−59.61, 113.52) | ||
Asn/asp | 0.27 (−1.14, 1.68) | ||
Clinical model diastolic blood pressure | 0.5 | 8.7 | |
Maternal age | 0.12 (−0.06, 0.29) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | −0.08 (−0.26, 0.09) | ||
Parity | −1.05 (−2.08, −0.03) | ||
Smoking | 1.78 (−0.21, 3.76) | ||
Metabolite model diastolic blood pressure | 7.5 | 8.3 | |
Maternal age | 0.11 (−0.07, 0.28) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | −0.06 (−0.25, 1.26) | ||
Parity | −1.18 (−2.10, −0.17) | ||
Smoking | 2.20 (0.25, 4.15) | ||
Arginine | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.00) | ||
Asparagine | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | ||
Glycine | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | ||
Lysine | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | ||
Tryptophan | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.00) | ||
NEFA_18_0 | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | ||
NEFA_26_0 | −3.93 (−11.3, 3.42) | ||
PC.aa.C34.4 | −1.04 (−1.96, −0.12) | ||
PC.ae.C36.5 | −0.31 (−0.59, −0.02) | ||
SM.a.C37.1 | 1.53 (0.14, 2.92) | ||
SM.a.C38.2 | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.31) | ||
SM.a.C39.2 | 1.27 (−0.77, 3.31) | ||
SM.a.C41.1 | 0.13 (−0.14, 0.40) | ||
SM.a.C43.2 | −1.20 (−2.27, −0.13) | ||
Carn.a.C16.1 | 8.24 (−22.35, 38.83) | ||
Carn.a.C16.2 | 43.3 (−20.39, 106.91) | ||
Asn/asp | 0.24 (−0.79, 1.28) |
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Blaauwendraad, S.M.; Wahab, R.J.; van Rijn, B.B.; Koletzko, B.; Jaddoe, V.W.V.; Gaillard, R. Associations of Early Pregnancy Metabolite Profiles with Gestational Blood Pressure Development. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121169
Blaauwendraad SM, Wahab RJ, van Rijn BB, Koletzko B, Jaddoe VWV, Gaillard R. Associations of Early Pregnancy Metabolite Profiles with Gestational Blood Pressure Development. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121169
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlaauwendraad, Sophia M., Rama J. Wahab, Bas B. van Rijn, Berthold Koletzko, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, and Romy Gaillard. 2022. "Associations of Early Pregnancy Metabolite Profiles with Gestational Blood Pressure Development" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121169