Soil Salinity, a Serious Environmental Issue and Plant Responses: A Metabolomics Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Problem of Soil Salinization and Impact of Salinity on Plants
2. Plant Responses to Salinity Stress: Cellular and Molecular Events
2.1. Signalling Pathways in Salinity Stress Conditions
2.1.1. Second Messenger Signalling: ROS and Ca2+ Waves
2.1.2. The SOS Signalling Pathway
2.1.3. Hormonal Crosstalk in Salinity Responses
3. Metabolomics for Elucidation of Plant Responses to Salinity
Plant Responses to Salinity: Metabolic Reprogramming
4. Conclusions and Prospective
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathways | Description | References |
---|---|---|
Glycolysis | Multistep reversible metabolic pathway for the production of pyruvate, a substrate for TCA cycle, from glucose | [124,125] |
Pentose phosphate pathway | Branches from glucose-6-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate, it provides substrates for oxidative defence | [126,127] |
Tricarboxylic acid cycle | Central pathway for multiple enzyme-catalysed synthesis of organic acids from oxidation of pyruvate Provides energy to sustain anabolic and catabolic reactions involved in stress responses | [125,128] |
Amino acid biosynthesis pathways | Several branched pathways in which amino acids are synthesized from their precursors, | [129,130] |
Linoleic and other fatty acids pathways | Synthesis of lipids with roles in stress signalling cascades and precursors for phytohormones synthesis | [131,132] |
Shikimic pathway | Synthesis of shikimic acid (precursor for phenylalanine synthesis) from the downstream products of the pentose phosphate pathway, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenol | [98,133] |
Phenylpropanoid pathway | The primary pathway responsible for production of all phenolics from phenylalanine | [69,134] |
Flavonoids biosynthetic pathway | An offramp from the phenylpropanoid pathway, produces a range of flavonoids from 4-coumaroyl-CoA | [135,136] |
Polyamine biosynthesis pathways | Synthesis of polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescene) from ornithine, methionine, and arginine | [137,138] |
Metabolite Group | Stress-Responsive Roles | Plant Species | References |
---|---|---|---|
PRIMARY METABOLITES | |||
Amino acids | ROS scavenging (proline), protein stabilisation and synthesis, redox control | Tomato, Maize and beans | [141,142] |
Polyols | Protection of photosynthesis systems, ROS scavenging, protein stabilisation | Olea europaea, maize, Melissa officinalis | [143,144,145] |
Organic acids | Energy production, signalling molecules, antioxidant activities | Rice, soybean | [146,147] |
Sugars | Signalling molecules, carbon energy reserve, maintenance of redox homeostasis, osmoprotectants | Beta vulgaris, Oryza sativa | [148,149,150] |
SECONDARY METABOLITES | |||
Polyamines | Activation of antioxidant enzymes, regulation of ion channels activity, protein and membrane stabilisation | Legumes, rice | [138,151] |
Flavonoids | Radical scavenging, inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes, stimulate ROS response genes | Aegilops cylindrica, Amaranthus tricolor | [152,153] |
Phenolic acids | Hormonal regulation, antioxidant activity, photosynthetic activity, improve nutrient uptake | Brassica crops, Salvia mirzayanii, Thymus species | [11,136,154] |
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Chele, K.H.; Tinte, M.M.; Piater, L.A.; Dubery, I.A.; Tugizimana, F. Soil Salinity, a Serious Environmental Issue and Plant Responses: A Metabolomics Perspective. Metabolites 2021, 11, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110724
Chele KH, Tinte MM, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Tugizimana F. Soil Salinity, a Serious Environmental Issue and Plant Responses: A Metabolomics Perspective. Metabolites. 2021; 11(11):724. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110724
Chicago/Turabian StyleChele, Kekeletso H., Morena M. Tinte, Lizelle A. Piater, Ian A. Dubery, and Fidele Tugizimana. 2021. "Soil Salinity, a Serious Environmental Issue and Plant Responses: A Metabolomics Perspective" Metabolites 11, no. 11: 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110724