Effect of Gender, Rearing, and Cooking on the Metabolomic Profile of Porcine Muscles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Meat Sample
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. MyHC Isoform Content Determination
3.4. Sample Pretreatment for Metabolome Analysis
3.5. CE-TOFMS Analysis
3.6. Data Analysis
3.7. Statistics
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Name | Gilt/Barrow | Exercise/Sedentary | Cooked/Uncooked | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedentary | Exercise | Barrow | Gilt | Sedentary | Exercise | |
1-Methylhistidine, 3-Methylhistidine | 0.59 | 1.09 | 0.80 | 1.46 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
2-(Creatinine-3-yl) propionic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
2-Aminoisobutyric acid, 2-Aminobutyric acid | 0.78 | 1.10 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.65 | 0.73 |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid | 1.10 | zero | zero | zero | 0.79 | N.D. |
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid | 2.38 | 0.67 | 1.76 | 0.49 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid | 1.28 | 1.90 | 0.92 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 0.73 |
3-Methyladenine | N/A | 1.25 | N/A | 1.05 | zero | zero |
4-Methylpyrazole | 1.18 | zero | 0.89 | zero | zero | N/A |
5’-Deoxy-5’-methylthioadenosine | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
5-Oxoproline | 0.71 | 1.10 | 0.42 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 2.39 |
Adenosine | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
ADMA | 0.96 | 1.22 | 0.63 | 0.81 | zero | 1.67 |
ADP | 0.93 | zero | 3.11 | zero | 3.96 | N/A |
ADP-ribose | N/A | 0.66 | N/A | 0.84 | 0.40 | 0.53 |
Ala | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.82 |
AMP | 0.93 | 0.10 | 14.49 | 1.63 | 7.84 | 5.90 |
Anserine_divalent | 1.03 | 1.60 | 0.83 | 1.29 | 0.72 | 0.63 |
Arg | 0.84 | 1.42 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 1.28 | 1.38 |
Argininosuccinic acid | zero | N.D. | zero | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Asn | 0.72 | 1.39 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.15 |
Asp | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.07 |
ATP | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | N/A |
Betaine | 1.33 | 1.44 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
Butyrylcarnitine | 0.36 | 1.49 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
Carnitine | 0.94 | 1.24 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.63 |
Carnosine | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.84 |
Choline | 0.43 | 0.87 | 0.35 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.48 |
Citrulline | 0.71 | 1.26 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.65 |
Creatine | 1.06 | 1.13 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.78 |
Creatinine | 1.33 | 1.34 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 1.25 | 3.68 |
Cys | 4.65 | 1.53 | 3.22 | 1.06 | 1.47 | 1.02 |
Cysteine glutathione disulfide | 0.21 | N/A | zero | 0.56 | zero | 0.55 |
Cystine | 0.06 | N.D. | zero | zero | zero | N.D. |
Cytidine | 1.05 | 1.12 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.96 |
Daminozide Ala-Ala | N/A | N/A | N.D. | 1.14 | 1.90 | 1.42 |
Diethanolamine | 1.06 | zero | 1.24 | zero | zero | N.D. |
Dyphylline | 2.69 | 0.83 | 2.88 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.90 |
Ethanolamine | 0.91 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
Ethanolamine phosphate | 0.80 | 0.84 | 1.04 | 1.09 | zero | 0.68 |
Fructose 6-phosphate | 36.20 | 0.42 | 69.38 | 0.80 | 1.55 | 0.98 |
GABA | 1.13 | 1.16 | 0.76 | 0.78 | zero | zero |
Gln | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.50 | 0.66 |
Glu | 0.62 | 1.79 | 0.36 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 0.94 |
Glu-Glu | 2.20 | 1.90 | 1.38 | 1.19 | 1.27 | 1.00 |
Gluconic acid | 2.48 | 2.10 | 1.35 | 1.14 | 0.88 | 0.49 |
Gluconolactone | N/A | 1.50 | N/A | 1.15 | 1.14 | zero |
Glucose 1-phosphate | N/A | 0.51 | N/A | 0.85 | 1.15 | 0.72 |
Glucose 6-phosphate | 43.39 | 0.39 | 83.94 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.54 |
Glutathione (GSH) | 0.97 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.65 |
Glutathione (GSSG)_divalent | 0.25 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 0.68 | 0.17 | 0.26 |
Gly | 0.83 | 1.14 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
Gly-Asp | zero | N.D. | zero | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
Gly-Gly | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | zero |
Gly-Leu | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | N.D. |
Glyceric acid | N/A | 2.59 | N/A | 0.81 | 0.40 | 0.65 |
Glycerol | 1.34 | 0.63 | 1.87 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.95 |
Glycerol 3-phosphate | 0.97 | 1.24 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 0.93 |
Glycerophosphocholine | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.58 | 1.01 | 0.61 | 0.71 |
GMP | 1.12 | 1.30 | 1.05 | 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.89 |
Guanine | 0.45 | 1.03 | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 1.13 |
Guanosine | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 1.04 |
His | 0.73 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.89 |
His-Glu | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
Homocarnosine | 1.41 | 1.28 | 1.18 | 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.81 |
Hydroxyproline | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.70 |
Hypotaurine | 0.43 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 0.46 | 0.60 |
Hypoxanthine | 0.46 | 1.15 | 0.33 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.23 |
Ile | 0.84 | 1.24 | 0.60 | 0.88 | 1.31 | 1.47 |
IMP | 1.50 | 1.63 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.94 | 0.93 |
Inosine | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
Isobutyric acid Butyric acid | 0.84 | N/A | zero | 1.46 | zero | zero |
Isoglutamic acid | 0.71 | zero | 0.41 | zero | zero | N.D. |
Lactic acid | 1.43 | 1.23 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 0.82 | 0.77 |
Leu | 0.86 | 1.43 | 0.59 | 0.99 | 1.38 | 1.39 |
Lys | 0.74 | 1.38 | 0.53 | 0.99 | 1.18 | 1.26 |
Malic acid | 0.46 | 1.63 | 0.34 | 1.20 | 0.76 | 0.41 |
Malonylcarnitine | N/A | N.D. | N.D. | zero | zero | N.D. |
Met | 1.07 | 1.62 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 1.81 | 1.83 |
Methionine sulfoxide | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | N/A |
myo-Inositol 1-phosphate myo-Inositol 3-phosphate | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | 1.00 |
N-Acetyllysine | 1.81 | 1.57 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 1.95 | 1.88 |
N-Acetylneuraminic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A | N/A |
N-Acetylornithine | 1.43 | 2.00 | 0.86 | 1.20 | 2.11 | 1.82 |
N-Methylalanine | 0.76 | 1.22 | 0.56 | 0.89 | 0.57 | 0.60 |
N5-Ethylglutamine | 0.44 | 0.94 | 0.65 | 1.39 | 0.72 | 0.75 |
N6,N6,N6-Trimethyllysine | 1.80 | 1.21 | 1.92 | 1.29 | 0.74 | 0.65 |
N6-Methyllysine | 0.66 | 0.73 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
NADH | 0.89 | 2.43 | 0.28 | 0.76 | 1.21 | 1.02 |
Nicotinamide | 2.27 | 0.89 | 2.16 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 1.05 |
O-Acetylcarnitine | 0.83 | 1.72 | 0.32 | 0.67 | 1.43 | 1.51 |
O-Acetylhomoserine 2-Aminoadipic acid | 0.73 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.50 | 0.69 |
Ornithine | 0.89 | 2.10 | 0.40 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.79 |
Pantothenic acid | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.57 | 0.96 | zero | 0.81 |
Phe | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.71 | 0.90 | 1.54 | 1.62 |
Phosphorylcholine | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.09 |
Pro | 0.68 | 1.05 | 0.53 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.84 |
Putrescine | 0.91 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.09 | zero | zero |
Ribulose 5-phosphate | 1.40 | 1.34 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.43 | 1.45 |
S-Adenosylhomocysteine | 1.07 | 0.84 | 1.26 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.35 |
S-Adenosylmethionine | 1.45 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.06 | 0.59 | 0.67 |
S-Methylcysteine | 0.90 | 1.43 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 0.87 | 0.57 |
Saccharopine | N/A | 0.70 | N/A | 1.17 | 0.75 | 0.60 |
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate | zero | zero | 0.40 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Ser | 0.68 | 1.34 | 0.51 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 1.09 |
Spermidine | 0.82 | 1.01 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.86 |
Spermine | 2.92 | 1.35 | 1.82 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 1.14 |
Stachydrine | 1.52 | N/A | zero | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.91 |
Succinic acid | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.54 | 0.76 |
Taurine | 0.50 | 0.89 | 0.61 | 1.08 | 0.51 | 0.67 |
Terephthalic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N/A |
Thiamine | 1.08 | 1.72 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 1.04 | 1.00 |
Thiamine phosphate | 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.09 | zero | zero |
Thr | 0.69 | 1.35 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 1.03 |
Thr-Asp Ser-Glu | 1.10 | N.D. | zero | zero | 1.52 | N/A |
Trigonelline | 1.08 | 1.58 | 0.59 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 0.70 |
Trp | 0.92 | 1.24 | 0.74 | 0.99 | 1.32 | 1.36 |
Tyr | 0.92 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 1.05 | 1.50 | 1.55 |
UDP-glucose UDP-galactose | N.D. | zero | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine UDP-N-acetylglucosamine | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | zero |
UMP | 1.77 | 1.97 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 0.99 | 0.74 |
Urea | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.76 | 0.76 |
Uridine | 1.14 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.83 | 0.99 |
Val | 0.74 | 1.24 | 0.55 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 1.14 |
β-Ala | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.64 |
β-Ala-Lys | 1.98 | 1.44 | 1.41 | 1.02 | 0.66 | 0.74 |
γ-Butyrobetaine | 1.06 | 1.44 | 0.61 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.76 |
γ-Glu-Cys | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | N/A | N.D. | zero |
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Sawano, S.; Oza, K.; Murakami, T.; Nakamura, M.; Tatsumi, R.; Mizunoya, W. Effect of Gender, Rearing, and Cooking on the Metabolomic Profile of Porcine Muscles. Metabolites 2020, 10, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010010
Sawano S, Oza K, Murakami T, Nakamura M, Tatsumi R, Mizunoya W. Effect of Gender, Rearing, and Cooking on the Metabolomic Profile of Porcine Muscles. Metabolites. 2020; 10(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleSawano, Shoko, Keishi Oza, Tetsuya Murakami, Mako Nakamura, Ryuichi Tatsumi, and Wataru Mizunoya. 2020. "Effect of Gender, Rearing, and Cooking on the Metabolomic Profile of Porcine Muscles" Metabolites 10, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010010