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Electronics
Volume 15
Issue 13
10.3390/electronics15132929
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A GNSS-R InSAR Method for Deformation Monitoring Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Signal Fusion

by
Qiancheng Xia
1,
Xinrui Liu
1,
Xiaochen Zhang
2,*,
Yunlong Zhu
1,*,
Tao Hong
1,3,
Quanming Li
4,
Zhaohua Li
5 and
Hongxiang Li
6
1
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
2
CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
3
Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China
4
School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China
5
School of Intelligent Construction, Yanggo University, Mawei District, Fuzhou 350015, China
6
Shanghai Huace Navigation Technology Co., Ltd., Qingpu District, Shanghai 201706, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(13), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132929
Submission received: 7 June 2026 / Revised: 1 July 2026 / Accepted: 2 July 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GNSS-R InSAR) offers all-weather, all-day observation capabilities and high temporal resolution, enabling elevation deformation monitoring with a single satellite. However, in hazardous regions, such as tailings dam slopes, measuring the deformation of a greater number of target points is essential for a more accurate assessment of geological hazard risks. Since navigation satellite signals are not originally designed for imaging purposes, their inherent narrow bandwidths result in low spatial resolution and limited target recognition capabilities, rendering them inadequate for such scenarios. To address these limitations, this paper investigates a GNSS-R InSAR deformation measurement architecture utilizing dual-frequency BeiDou-3 (BDS-3) signal fusion. Specifically, a coherent spectrum fusion method is introduced to effectively expand the signal bandwidth, thereby significantly enhancing range resolution and target identification capabilities. Building upon this, deformation measurements are conducted to achieve more refined and detailed monitoring.
Keywords: global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R); interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR); fusion imaging; range resolution; deformation monitoring global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R); interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR); fusion imaging; range resolution; deformation monitoring

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xia, Q.; Liu, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, Y.; Hong, T.; Li, Q.; Li, Z.; Li, H. A GNSS-R InSAR Method for Deformation Monitoring Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Signal Fusion. Electronics 2026, 15, 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132929

AMA Style

Xia Q, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Hong T, Li Q, Li Z, Li H. A GNSS-R InSAR Method for Deformation Monitoring Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Signal Fusion. Electronics. 2026; 15(13):2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132929

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xia, Qiancheng, Xinrui Liu, Xiaochen Zhang, Yunlong Zhu, Tao Hong, Quanming Li, Zhaohua Li, and Hongxiang Li. 2026. "A GNSS-R InSAR Method for Deformation Monitoring Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Signal Fusion" Electronics 15, no. 13: 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132929

APA Style

Xia, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Hong, T., Li, Q., Li, Z., & Li, H. (2026). A GNSS-R InSAR Method for Deformation Monitoring Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Signal Fusion. Electronics, 15(13), 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15132929

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