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Volume 15
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Article

In Situ Assessment of EMF Exposure Across Urban Districts of Samsun, Türkiye

by
Caner Ali Aslan
1,
Begum Korunur Engiz
1,*,
Cetin Kurnaz
1,
Adnan Ahmad Cheema
2 and
Teoman Karadag
3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Türkiye
2
School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 1AP, UK
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010068
Submission received: 13 November 2025 / Revised: 19 December 2025 / Accepted: 21 December 2025 / Published: 23 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Measurements and Applications)
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Abstract

This study offers a comprehensive in situ measurement and assessment of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in the central urban districts of Samsun, Türkiye, focusing on low-frequency magnetic flux density (BLF) and radiofrequency electric field strength (ERF). Drive-test measurements were performed across Atakum, İlkadım, and Canik districts to capture spatial variability and identify primary exposure sources. Band-selective analysis revealed that downlink (DL) transmissions are the main contributors to total ERF exposure, indicating that base station emissions dominate the exposed ERF levels in the environment. Six-minute averaged BLF and ERF values account for temporal fluctuations and confirm that exposure remains well below recommended limits. A one-way ANOVA test indicated that the differences in exposure levels among the three districts were not statistically significant. These findings provide a detailed spatial evaluation of EMF exposure in a large metropolitan region, demonstrating the value of integrated BLF and ERF measurements for environmental monitoring.
Keywords: in situ measurements; electromagnetic field exposure; magnetic flux density; electric field strength; spatial distribution; urban environment in situ measurements; electromagnetic field exposure; magnetic flux density; electric field strength; spatial distribution; urban environment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aslan, C.A.; Korunur Engiz, B.; Kurnaz, C.; Cheema, A.A.; Karadag, T. In Situ Assessment of EMF Exposure Across Urban Districts of Samsun, Türkiye. Electronics 2026, 15, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010068

AMA Style

Aslan CA, Korunur Engiz B, Kurnaz C, Cheema AA, Karadag T. In Situ Assessment of EMF Exposure Across Urban Districts of Samsun, Türkiye. Electronics. 2026; 15(1):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010068

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aslan, Caner Ali, Begum Korunur Engiz, Cetin Kurnaz, Adnan Ahmad Cheema, and Teoman Karadag. 2026. "In Situ Assessment of EMF Exposure Across Urban Districts of Samsun, Türkiye" Electronics 15, no. 1: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010068

APA Style

Aslan, C. A., Korunur Engiz, B., Kurnaz, C., Cheema, A. A., & Karadag, T. (2026). In Situ Assessment of EMF Exposure Across Urban Districts of Samsun, Türkiye. Electronics, 15(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010068

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