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Review

Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways

School of Energy Systems Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(16), 3171; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171
Submission received: 8 July 2025 / Revised: 5 August 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Properties for Solar Cell Application)

Abstract

Inorganic halide perovskites have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications, owing to their enhanced thermal and chemical stability relative to hybrid perovskite materials. This review synthesizes recent progress in vapor-phase deposition methodologies, such as co-evaporation, close space sublimation (CSS), continuous flash sublimation (CFS), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which enable the precise modulation of film composition and morphology. Advances in material systems, including the stabilization of CsPbI2Br, the introduction of tin-doped phases, and the investigation of lead-free double perovskites like Cs2AgSbI6 and Cs2AgBiCl6, are critically evaluated with respect to their impact on device performance. The incorporation of these materials into photovoltaic devices and tandem configurations is explored, with particular emphasis on improvements in power conversion efficiency and operational durability. Furthermore, interface engineering approaches tailored to vacuum-deposited films—such as defect passivation and energy-level alignment—are examined in detail. The potential for scalable manufacturing is assessed through simulation analyses, throughput modeling, and pilot-scale demonstrations, underscoring the feasibility of industrial-scale production. By offering a comprehensive overview of these advancements, this review provides valuable perspectives on the current landscape and prospective trajectories of vapor-deposited inorganic perovskite technologies.
Keywords: inorganic halide perovskites; vapor deposition; photovoltaics; optoelectronic device inorganic halide perovskites; vapor deposition; photovoltaics; optoelectronic device

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pandey, P.; Kang, D.-W. Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways. Electronics 2025, 14, 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171

AMA Style

Pandey P, Kang D-W. Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways. Electronics. 2025; 14(16):3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pandey, Padmini, and Dong-Won Kang. 2025. "Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways" Electronics 14, no. 16: 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171

APA Style

Pandey, P., & Kang, D.-W. (2025). Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways. Electronics, 14(16), 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171

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