Study on the Influence of Connection Structure between Batteries on Battery Pack Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling and Verification
2.1. Battery and Experimental Equipment Parameters
2.2. Battery Equivalent Circuit Model
- (1)
- To try to combine with the battery’s chemical reaction mechanism and select model parameters with relevant meanings;
- (2)
- The model should be able to reflect the battery’s characteristics more accurately, have higher calculation accuracy, and be able to adapt to different environments and working conditions;
- (3)
- Within the design requirements, the single-cell battery model should be as simple as possible, simplify the calculation process, and improve the usability of the model.
2.3. Battery Model Parameter Identification
2.3.1. SOC Calculation and Capacity Correction
2.3.2. OCV-SOC Curve Identification
- (1)
- Place a single ternary lithium-ion battery in a constant temperature and humidity chamber at an ambient temperature of 25 °C for 2 h;
- (2)
- Use a constant-current discharge of a single cell at a discharge rate of 0.5 C to a cutoff voltage of 3.0 V. The battery is then discharged at a rate of 0.5 C for 2 h;
- (3)
- Leave the single-cell battery to stand for 2 h, after the battery is stabilized, fill the battery with standard charging requirements;
- (4)
- Perform constant current discharge of the battery for a duration of 12 min with a discharge multiplication rate of 0.5 C. After the battery has been fully rested (1 h) [30], use high-precision acquisition equipment to collect the open-circuit voltage;
- (5)
- Repeat step (4) until the battery voltage reaches a cutoff voltage of 3.0 V.
2.3.3. Identification of Ohmic Internal Resistance and RC Parameters
- (1)
- A single Li-ion battery is placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber at an ambient temperature of 25 °C for 2 h;
- (2)
- Use a 0.5 C discharge multiplier on a single battery constant current discharge to the cut-off voltage of 3.0 V, leave the battery for 2 h, to be stable after the battery to the standard charging requirements of the battery full, leave the battery for 1 h;
- (3)
- Discharge the battery at a discharge multiplication rate of 0.5 C with a pulse discharge of 10 s and then leave it for 40 S. After the battery has been left to stand still, charge the battery at a discharge multiplication rate of 0.5 C with a pulse charge of 10 s, and then leave it for 40 s. Real-time collection of the battery terminal voltage is carried out in the whole process;
- (4)
- Discharge the battery at a constant discharge multiplication rate to the next SOC test point, fully rest the battery, and then repeat step 3 and stop after completing all test points.
2.4. Validation of the Validity of the Monolithic Model
2.5. Parallel-Connected One-Order RC Model
3. Connection Structure on the Battery Pack Performance Impact Study
3.1. Simulation Analysis of Conventional Connection Structure of Battery Packs
3.1.1. Battery Pack Model Considering Connection Structure
3.1.2. Conventional Connection Structure Simulation Analysis
3.2. Optimisation Analysis of Battery Pack Connection Structure
3.2.1. Simulation Analysis of Diagonal Connection Structure
3.2.2. Simulation Analysis of Resistance Matching of Connecting Tabs
3.3. Experimental Verification of Simulation Results of Battery Packs with Different Connection Structures
3.3.1. Experimental Design
- (1)
- 1 C constant-current charging to 3.65 V, then constant-voltage charging to a cutoff current of 100 mA;
- (2)
- Stand it for 10 min;
- (3)
- 1 C constant current discharge to 2 V;
- (4)
- Stand it for 10 min;
- (5)
- Repeat steps 1–4 until 300 cycles are completed.
3.3.2. Analysis of Experimental Results
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The current between the cells will be different due to the existence of the resistance of the connecting plate. The closer the battery cell is to the pole, the smaller its connecting plate resistance, the greater the current passing through it, and the easier it is to reach the aging state first.
- (2)
- The terminal voltage and SOC changes of each battery cell of the diagonal-connection structure have a higher degree of fitting over time and better consistency. The experimental verification shows that the capacity of the diagonal-connection structure decays by less than 5% after 350 cycles, its constant current ratio is very stable, and the attenuation of 300 charge/discharge cycles is only 1%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Specification |
---|---|
Material | Ternary lithium-ion battery |
Size | Diameter 18 mm, height 65 mm |
Mass | 44 g |
Nominal capacity | 2 Ah |
Nominal voltage | 3.7 V |
Cut-off voltage | Charging: 4.2 V Discharging: 2.75 V |
Temperature range | Charging: 0~60 °C Discharging: −20~60 °C |
Maximum continuous current | 5 C |
Internal resistance | ≤20 mΩ |
Equipment | Model | Specification |
---|---|---|
Programmable temperature cycling test chamber | Y70-1-DZ | Programmable temperature range: −60 °C~150 °C (±0.1 °C) Temperature fluctuation: ≤±0.5 °C Temperature resolution: 0.01 °C |
Power battery performance test platform | S08-5-100-DZ | Voltage: 0~5 V (0.1%FS) Current: 500 mA~100 A (0.1%FS) |
Power battery performance test platform | BTS550C8 | Voltage: 0~5 V (0.1%FS) Current: 150 mA~50 A (0.1%FS) |
Dynamic signal acquisition card | ART-USB8812 | Channel number: 4 Resolution: 24-bit Input range: ±11 V, ±5.5 V Sampling mode: Synchronous acquisition Sampling frequency: 8 Hz~216 kHz Input impedance: 1 MΩ |
Coefficient | Value |
---|---|
a | −1.06 × 104 |
b | 1.15 × 105 |
c | −5.60 × 105 |
d | 1.60 × 106 |
e | −2.88 × 106 |
f | 4.21 × 106 |
g | −4.06 × 106 |
h | 2.61 × 103 |
i | −1.13 × 106 |
j | 3.16 × 105 |
k | −5.58 × 104 |
l | 5.58 × 103 |
m | −2.42 |
n | 3.2 |
SOC | R0/mΩ | Rp/mΩ | Cp/kF |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 5.825 | 7.925 | 3.043 |
0.1 | 4.225 | 9.275 | 3.660 |
0.2 | 3.450 | 3.325 | 9.033 |
0.3 | 3.075 | 3.325 | 16.063 |
0.4 | 3.025 | 3.325 | 19.771 |
0.5 | 2.975 | 3.325 | 21.292 |
0.6 | 2.975 | 3.325 | 16.742 |
0.7 | 2.925 | 3.325 | 14.654 |
0.8 | 2.925 | 2.925 | 19.229 |
0.9 | 2.925 | 2.925 | 18.287 |
Connection Structure Method | Average SOC/% | SOC of Cell1/% | SOC of Cell2/% | SOC of Cell3/% | SOC of Cell4/% | SOC of Cell5/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-side connection structure | 6.47 | 2.76 | 4.61 | 6.47 | 8.32 | 10.18 |
Central-connection structure | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.83 | 1.53 | 0.81 | 0.06 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Materials for positive electrodes | LiFePO4 |
Rated capacity | 110 Ah |
Rated voltage | 3.2 V |
Internal resistance | 2.1 mΩ |
Battery cell group requirements | Internal resistance: 13–15 mΩ, Voltage: 3.2–3.3 V |
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Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, L.; Song, J.; Huang, Z. Study on the Influence of Connection Structure between Batteries on Battery Pack Performance. Electronics 2024, 13, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050817
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Huang L, Song J, Huang Z. Study on the Influence of Connection Structure between Batteries on Battery Pack Performance. Electronics. 2024; 13(5):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050817
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hao, Yanting Zhang, Lumeng Huang, Jianfeng Song, and Zhangcong Huang. 2024. "Study on the Influence of Connection Structure between Batteries on Battery Pack Performance" Electronics 13, no. 5: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050817
APA StyleZhang, H., Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Song, J., & Huang, Z. (2024). Study on the Influence of Connection Structure between Batteries on Battery Pack Performance. Electronics, 13(5), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050817