Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Notation
2. MIMO Techniques
2.1. Channel Capacity
2.1.1. SISO
2.1.2. SIMO
2.1.3. MISO
2.1.4. MIMO
2.2. Signal Modulation
3. Massive MIMO
- Huge spectral efficiency;
- Communication reliability;
- High energy efficiency;
- Low complexity signal processing;
- Favorable propagation;
- Channel hardening.
4. Implementation Difficulties
5. MIMO Implementations
Multi-Layer Massive MIMO
6. Promising Solutions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADC | Analog-to-Digital Converter |
AOA | Angle Of Arrival |
AOD | Angle Of Departure |
BPSK | Binary Phase Shift Keying |
BS | Base Station |
CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
CP | Cyclic Prefix |
DAC | Digital-to-Analog Converter |
DFE | Decision Feedback Equalizer |
DL | Downlink |
EGC | Equal Gain Combiner |
EGT | Equal Gain Transmitter |
FDE | Frequency Domain Equalization |
FFT | Fast Fourrier Transform |
IB-DFE | Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalizer |
ICI | Inter Carrier Interference |
IFFT | Inverse Fast Fourier Transform |
IOT | Internet of Things |
ISI | Inter Symbol Interference |
LoS | Line-of-Sight |
M2M | Machine to Machine |
MC | Multi-Carrier |
MIMO | Multiple-Input Multiple-Output |
MISO | Multiple-Input Single-Output |
MMSE | Minimum Mean Squared Error |
mmWave | Millimiter Wave |
MRC | Maximum Ratio Combiner |
MRT | Maximum Ratio Transmitter |
MU-MIMO | Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output |
NL | NonLinear |
NLoS | Non-Line-of-Sight |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
PAPR | Power to Average Power Ratio |
PSK | Phase Shift Keying |
QAM | Quadrature Amplitude Modulation |
QoS | Quality of Service |
QPSK | Quaternary Phase Shift Keying |
RF | Radio Frequency |
SC | Single Carrier |
SDMA | Space Division Multiple Access |
SIMO | Single-Input Multiple-Output |
SISO | Single-Input Single-Output |
SNR | Signal to Noise Ratio |
STBC | Space Time Block Code |
SVD | Singular Value Decomposition |
TDD | Time-Division Duplexing |
UE | User Equipment |
UL | Uplink |
ZF | Zero Forcing |
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Borges, D.; Montezuma, P.; Dinis, R.; Beko, M. Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges. Electronics 2021, 10, 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141667
Borges D, Montezuma P, Dinis R, Beko M. Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges. Electronics. 2021; 10(14):1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141667
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorges, David, Paulo Montezuma, Rui Dinis, and Marko Beko. 2021. "Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges" Electronics 10, no. 14: 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141667