Advancement of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Delivery Systems in Dermatological Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Retinoic Acid Application to Skin
2.1. Photodamage
2.2. Acne
2.3. Psoriasis
2.4. Wound Healing
3. Retinoic Acid Side Effects
4. Type of Delivery Systems for Retinoic Acid
4.1. Veisuclar Drug Delivery Systems
4.2. Lipid Nanoparticles
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Generation | Retinoids | Structure |
---|---|---|
First generation. Natural non-aromatic retinoids. Cyclohexane ring | Retinol (Vitamin A) | Retinol Retinaldehyde Tretinoin |
Retinyl palmitate | ||
Retinyl retinoate | ||
Retinyl N-formyl aspartamate | ||
Retinyl acetate | ||
Retinaldehyde (Retinal) | ||
Tretinoin (All-trans retinoic acid) | ||
Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) | ||
Alitretinoin | ||
Second generation. Synthetic monoaromatic retinoids. Benzene ring | Etretinate | Etretinate Acitretin |
Acitretin | ||
Third Generation Synthetic polyaromatic retinoids Multiple benzene rings | Adapalene | Adapalene Tazarotene |
Tazarotene | ||
Bexarotene |
Form | Method | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Liposome (L), ethosome (E), SLN, NLC in hydrogel | L: thin film hydration technique; E: cold method; SLN/NLC: microemulsion technique | SLN and NLC showed smaller particle size, lower zeta potential, higher encapsulation efficiency, and better photoprotection compared to vesicular carrier (L, E). Each formulation showed better skin permeation, retention, and less irritation compared with the marketed product. SLN and NLC had higher permeation flux compared to L and E, while L has better skin retention and less irritation followed by NLC then SLN. | [50] |
Liposome, hexosome, glycerosome, and ethosome | Thin film dispersion-ultrasonic method | Hexosome showed superior entrapment efficiency, smaller particle size, higher skin retention in stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis, and better anti-rosacea activity than the other formulations. Systemic side effect were reduced owing to the targeted skin delivery. | [51] |
Deformable liposome/penetration enhancer vesicle (PEV) | Fusion method | Formulations were developed using different ratios of soy phosphatidylcholine and transcutol (SPC/T). Three optimized formulation showed higher penetration and low irritation potential compared with tretinoin cream. | [47] |
Liposome and niosome | Thin film hydration technique | A liposome, liposome-PEV, noisome, and niosome-PEV formulation was prepared. Both liposome formulations have smaller particle size, a negative zeta potential, higher entrapment efficiency, and high skin deposition. While niosomes’ characteristics, although less than liposomes, were significantly improved with the addition of PEV, Labrasol®. | [52] |
SLN | Hot melt homogenization method using emulsification ultrasound | Formulation showed comedolytic effect and epidermal thickening similar to the marketed ATRA formulations with the epidermal granular layer showing higher thickening. Significant reduction in skin irritation was achieved after encapsulation, which can be attributed to SLN control release potential. | [23] |
SLN and SLN with chitosan. | Hot high-pressure homogenization method | Low loading capacity and high encapsulation efficiency of ATRA in SLN owing to low solubilization rate in the lipid and the lipophilicity of ATRA, respectively. SLN with chitosan is suitable for ATRA delivery as it improved antibacterial property against P.acnes and S.aureus while reducing cytotoxicity to keratinocytes. | [53] |
SLN in chitosan film | Hot melt homogenization method | Addition of an amine, maprotiline hydrochloride, resulted in the formation of an ion pair that enhanced the entrapment efficiency of ATRA in SLN. ATRA-SLN provided controlled release, showed improvement in wound healing, and reduced skin irritation. | [38] |
SLN and NLC with different drug amount, oil amount, and oil type | Ultrasonication method | All formulations showed high encapsulation efficiency. NLCs showed best permeation with a high drug amount, solid/liquid lipid ratio 2:1, and oleic acid use. Formulation wise, SLN has the best permeation followed by NLC and suspension. | [54] |
SLN, NLC, and Nano emulsion (NE) | De-novo emulsification method | All formulations had acceptable characteristics. Highest permeation was obtained with SLN followed by NLC, NE, and finally suspension. Permeation of ATRA was improved with the addition of terpene as permeation enhancer. | [55] |
NLC | Hot melt microemulsion method and hot melt probe sonication method | ATRA in NLC showed high entrapment efficiency with addition of cholesterol, has great potential for sustained release, and reduced irritation potential on the skin. | [56] |
NLC | Thin lipid-film based microwave-assisted rapid technique (MART) | The method developed produced NLC at a shorter duration, with a cleaner and greener process. ATRA in NLC produced has desirable physical features, retains in the skin at a high percentage, and does not enter the blood stream. It has sustained and controlled release with a reduction in skin irritation. | [57] |
NLC | Hot high pressure homogenization method | ATRA was encapsulated in NLC and sunscreen was incorporated into the formulation. Photostability of ATRA was improved with encapsulation with NLC and further improved with addition of sunscreen, leading to reduce photosensitivity and skin irritation. | [58] |
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Omar, S.S.S.; Hadi, H. Advancement of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Delivery Systems in Dermatological Application. Cosmetics 2022, 9, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9060140
Omar SSS, Hadi H. Advancement of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Delivery Systems in Dermatological Application. Cosmetics. 2022; 9(6):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9060140
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmar, Sharifah Shakirah Syed, and Hazrina Hadi. 2022. "Advancement of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Delivery Systems in Dermatological Application" Cosmetics 9, no. 6: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9060140