Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Design
2.2. Mode of Operation, Monitoring, and Analytical Methods
2.3. Microbial Study
2.3.1. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.3.2. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.3.3. Alpha Diversity and Cluster Analysis of Microbial Communities
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydraulic and Organic Loading Rates
3.2. COD, LAS, pH, Redox Potential, and Temperature
3.3. Correlation between Variables
3.4. Alpha Diversity and Cluster Analysis of Microbial Communities
3.5. Microbial Community Involved in LAS Degradation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydraulic Loading Rate (L·m−2·d−1/mm·d−1) | Organic Loading Rate (gCOD·m−2·d−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L·Person−1·d−1 | EvaTAC | CEvaT | EvaTAC | CEvaT | |
Maximum | 221 | 662 | 1324 | 230 | 115 |
Mean ± SD (50) | 58 ± 48 | 196 ± 136 | 392 ± 272 | 73 ± 59 | 36 ± 30 |
Minimum | 2.4 | 3.4 | 6.8 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
Parameter (mg·L−1) | P1 | P3 | P5 | Removal (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CEvaT | HSSF-CW | System (Global) | ||||
COD (50) | 374 ± 210 | 282 ± 100 | 167 ± 77 | 42 ± 22 | 38 ± 16 | 66 ± 23 |
LAS (50) | 32 ± 28 | 28 ± 10 | 20 ± 8 | 45 ± 29 | 35 ± 23 | 43 ± 23 |
OLR_CODre CEvaT | OLR_CODre CW | OLR_CODre EvaTAC | HLR | °C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OLR_LASre CEvaT | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
OLR_LASre CW | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
OLR_LASe EvaTAC | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
HLR | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | - |
°C | −0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | - | 1.0 |
CW−In | CW−Out | C−AnC | C−G2 | C−Slag | C−Soil | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richness | 50 | 49 | 46 | 53 | 51 | 53 |
Shannon (Community Diversity) | 3.20 | 3.05 | 3.10 | 3.14 | 3.09 | 3.12 |
Chao-1 (Community Richness) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) | 50.25 (50.00–57.00) |
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Mascoli Junior, R.; Passoni, C.M.; Santos, F.M.; Bernardes, F.S.; Magalhães Filho, F.J.C.; Paulo, P.L. Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland. Resources 2023, 12, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030038
Mascoli Junior R, Passoni CM, Santos FM, Bernardes FS, Magalhães Filho FJC, Paulo PL. Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland. Resources. 2023; 12(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleMascoli Junior, Robelio, Caique Morelo Passoni, Filipe Martins Santos, Fernando Silva Bernardes, Fernando Jorge Correa. Magalhães Filho, and Paula Loureiro Paulo. 2023. "Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland" Resources 12, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030038