Advances in the Development of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Bibliometric Analysis of Microalgae-Based Biofertilizers and Biostimulants
3. Potential Strategies for the Formulation of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants
4. Case Studies on the Application of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants Based on Microalgae
5. Microalgae in the Biofertilizer and Biostimulant Market
6. Overall Discussion and Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Formulation | Description | Advantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Granules/Microgranules | Dry particles composed of biomass (active ingredient with 5–20%), binder and carrier. | Non-dusty, non-caking, high disintegration capacity, easy to store and apply, non-inhalable, and used for soil treatments. | [33,37] |
Wettable Powders | Composed of 50–80% technical powder, 15–45% filler, 1–10% dispersant, and 3–5% surfactant. | These powders are easily miscible with water and can be suspended in a liquid carrier; their shelf life can exceed 18 months. | [33,37,38] |
Water-wettable/dispersible granules | Non-dusty solid formulation, with wetting and dispersing agents, but in higher concentrations than wettable powders. | Non-dusty solid formulation and disperses quickly in water. | [14] |
Powders | Contain a very finely ground mixture of the active ingredient (usually 10%). They are used with adhesives and desiccants. | Ease of storage, greater ease of transportation, and greater chemical stability. | [33,37,38] |
Suspension concentrates | Made by combining solid active ingredients with low water solubility and acceptable hydrolysis. | Do not generate dust, are easy to measure, and can be poured into spray tanks. | [35] |
Ultra-low-volume suspensions | Solid particles dispersed in a liquid in small quantities. Can be dispersed by ultra-low-volume aerial or ground spray machinery into a very fine spray. | Can be dispersed using aerial or ground spray machinery. The spray is very fine. | [33,35] |
Oil-miscible concentrated fluids | A suspension containing active ingredient(s) dispersed in an organic fluid. | Extremely fine spray. | [33] |
Oil dispersion | Contains active ingredients in oil or in a water-immiscible solvent. | Due to the oil, the active ingredient remains in contact with the plants for a longer time. | [33,35] |
Species | Biostimulation | Crop | References |
---|---|---|---|
Chlorella vulgaris Spirulina platensis | Leaf, root, height, and dry weight | Green gram Vigna radiata (L.) | [73] |
Acutodesmus dimorphus | Seed germination, root, and leaf | Tomato | [74] |
Spirulina platensis | Leaf and dry weight | Radishes | [75] |
Scenedesmus obliquus | Germination, stem, roots, and leaf | Watercress, bean, and cucumber | [76] |
Arthrospira platensis | Leaf, root | Lettuce | [77] |
Year-to-Year Change | Market Sales (Million USD) | |
---|---|---|
2018–2019 | 10.8% | 1642.6 |
2019–2020 | 4.7% | 1719.3 |
2020–2021 | 14.6% | 1979.1 |
2021–2022 | 19.6% | 2355.5 |
2022–2023 | 13.2% | 2667.2 |
2023–2024 | 13.2% | 3019.0 |
CAGR 2024–2029 | 15.6% | 5377.8 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Miranda, A.M.; Hernandez-Tenorio, F.; Villalta, F.; Vargas, G.J.; Sáez, A.A. Advances in the Development of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae. Biology 2024, 13, 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13030199
Miranda AM, Hernandez-Tenorio F, Villalta F, Vargas GJ, Sáez AA. Advances in the Development of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae. Biology. 2024; 13(3):199. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13030199
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda, Alejandra M., Fabian Hernandez-Tenorio, Fabian Villalta, Gabriel J. Vargas, and Alex A. Sáez. 2024. "Advances in the Development of Biofertilizers and Biostimulants from Microalgae" Biology 13, no. 3: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13030199