Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Well-Being and Health in Human Subjects with Mild Sleep-Related Complaints: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
by
, , , , , ,
Marina Cecilia Giménez
1,2,*, 
Michelle Luxwolda
1,2,
Eila G. Van Stipriaan
1,3,
Pauline P. Bollen
1,
Rieks L. Hoekman
1,
Marthe A. Koopmans
1,2,
Praveen R. Arany
4,
Michael R. Krames
5,6,
Anne C. Berends
5,
Roelof A. Hut
2 and
Marijke C. M. Gordijn
1,2 1
Chrono@Work B.V., 9743 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
2
Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
3
Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
4
Department of Oral Biology, Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
5
Seaborough Life Science, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
6
Arkesso LLC, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2023, 12(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12010060
Submission received: 7 November 2022
/
Revised: 14 December 2022
/
Accepted: 22 December 2022
/
Published: 29 December 2022
Simple Summary
In Western societies, people spend most of their waking hours indoors, exposing themselves to virtually no sunlight. Natural sunlight contains all visible and non-visible spectral characteristics of light. Both play key roles in human health and well-being. In this particular context, the non-visible near-infrared light has been shown to be beneficial for a wide range of conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of morning exposure to near-infrared light five days per week for four consecutive weeks in a group (n = 56) of healthy individuals with mild sleep complaints. We observed consistent positive effects on several aspects of well-being and health but not on sleep or circadian rhythms. The benefits were only visible in the winter months, when sufficient exposure to sunlight is more challenging. The present study investigated rather low-energy light levels, which would allow for relatively easy incorporation of such technology into a household or personal appliances. Because of people’s indoor lifestyle and the need for more healthy buildings, the current results may open new ways of creating an optimal environment for a healthier society by preventing some negative effects produced by the lack of sunlight.
Abstract
Modern urban human activities are largely restricted to the indoors, deprived of direct sunlight containing visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths at high irradiance levels. Therapeutic exposure to doses of red and NIR, known as photobiomodulation (PBM), has been effective for a broad range of conditions. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, we aimed to assess the effects of a PBM home set-up on various aspects of well-being, health, sleep, and circadian rhythms in healthy human subjects with mild sleep complaints. The effects of three NIR light (850 nm) doses (1, 4, or 6.5 J·cm−2) were examined against the placebo. Exposure was presented five days per week between 9:30 am and 12:30 pm for four consecutive weeks. The study was conducted in both summer and winter to include seasonal variation. The results showed PBM treatment only at 6.5 J·cm−2 to have consistent positive benefits on well-being and health, specifically improving mood, reducing drowsiness, reducing IFN-γ, and resting heart rate. This was only observed in winter. No significant effects on sleep or circadian rhythms were noted. This study provides further evidence that adequate exposure to NIR, especially during low sunlight conditions, such as in the winter, can be beneficial for human health and wellness.
Keywords:
photobiomodulation; near-infrared; sleep; human clinical trial; immune system; heart rate; mood; lighting
