Insight into the Effects of Solvent Treatment of Natural Fibers Prior to Structural Composite Casting: Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fibers and Solvents
2.2. Samples Casting and Washing Protocols
2.3. Physical Properties Characterization (Density and Linear Density)
2.4. Chemical Analysis via Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.5. Wettability Evaluation via Static Sessile Drop Contact Angle
2.6. Tensile Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Characterization
3.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.2.1. Analysis of the FTIR Spectra
3.2.2. Estimate of Crystallinity Indexes
3.3. Wettability Characterization
3.4. Tensile Properties Characterization
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Protocol ID | Time-Solvent-Stir |
---|---|---|
A | A-E | 1 h-ethanol + ultrapure water rinsing-no stir |
A | A-H | 45 min-hexane + ultrapure water rinsing-no stir |
A | A-EW | 1 h-ethanol/water: 1:2 v/v + ultrapure water rinsing-no stir |
B | B-EHA | 1 h (20 min each)-ethanol/hexane/acetone-ultrasonication |
B | B-HEA | 1 h (20 min each)-hexane/ethanol/acetone-ultrasonication |
B | B-EAH | 1 h (20 min each)-ethanol/acetone/hexane-ultrasonication |
Fiber | ID | Density (g/cm3) | Density (SD) | Area (mm2) | Area (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flax | NW | 1.523 | 0.076 | 0.985 | 0.049 |
A-E | 1.508 | 0.030 | 0.942 | 0.019 | |
A-H | 1.535 | 0.090 | 0.885 | 0.051 | |
A-EW | 1.467 | 0.025 | 0.941 | 0.017 | |
B-EHA | 1.463 | 0.029 | 1.085 | 0.022 | |
B-HEA | 1.469 | 0.020 | 1.039 | 0.014 | |
B-EAH | 1.558 | 0.128 | 0.971 | 0.080 | |
Sisal | NW | 1.248 | 0.032 | 3.928 | 0.101 |
A-E | 1.249 | 0.019 | 2.755 | 0.041 | |
A-H | 1.168 | 0.003 | 3.152 | 0.008 | |
A-EW | 1.275 | 0.061 | 3.358 | 0.159 | |
B-EHA | 1.197 | 0.015 | 2.929 | 0.036 | |
B-HEA | 1.198 | 0.033 | 2.952 | 0.08 | |
B-EAH | 1.197 | 0.031 | 3.530 | 0.0919 | |
Hemp | NW | 1.473 | 0.033 | 0.752 | 0.004 |
A-E | 1.501 | 0.017 | 0.599 | 0.004 | |
A-H | 1.474 | 0.015 | 0.755 | 0.004 | |
A-EW | 1.684 | 0.173 | 0.556 | 0.007 | |
B-EHA | 1.480 | 0.009 | 0.629 | 0.008 | |
B-HEA | 1.471 | 0.009 | 0.639 | 0.021 | |
B-EAH | 1.530 | 0.055 | 0.586 | 0.055 |
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Abbass, A.; Paiva, M.C.; Oliveira, D.V.; Lourenço, P.B.; Fangueiro, R. Insight into the Effects of Solvent Treatment of Natural Fibers Prior to Structural Composite Casting: Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Evaluation. Fibers 2021, 9, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9090054
Abbass A, Paiva MC, Oliveira DV, Lourenço PB, Fangueiro R. Insight into the Effects of Solvent Treatment of Natural Fibers Prior to Structural Composite Casting: Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Evaluation. Fibers. 2021; 9(9):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9090054
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbass, Ali, Maria C. Paiva, Daniel V. Oliveira, Paulo B. Lourenço, and Raul Fangueiro. 2021. "Insight into the Effects of Solvent Treatment of Natural Fibers Prior to Structural Composite Casting: Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Evaluation" Fibers 9, no. 9: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9090054