Study on the Drag Reduction Characteristics of the Surface Morphology of Paramisgurnus dabryanus Loach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analysis of the Scale Structure of the Loach
2.2. Preparation of Samples
2.3. Flow Channel Experiments
2.3.1. Design of Test Device
2.3.2. Experiment Plan
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Structure of the Loach Scales
3.2. Results of the Channel Test
3.3. Numerical Simulation
3.3.1. Establishment of the Model
3.3.2. Setting of Initial Conditions
3.3.3. Mesh Generation
3.3.4. Simulation Scheme
3.3.5. Results of Numerical Simulation
3.4. Comparison between Results of Numerical Simulation and Experiment
4. Mechanism Analysis
4.1. X-z Plane “Corrugated” Flow
4.2. Stable High and Low Speed Streaks and Variation Trend of Bionic Surface Velocity
4.3. The Vortex Lifting Mechanism in the x-y Plane
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- An aluminum sample was processed by the CNC method, and a flow channel was built. The sample size was 70 × 64 × 5 mm3 with hundreds of bionic fish scale units. The drag reduction rate of the sample could reach 23% when the velocity was 1.683 m/s.
- (2)
- A model with 23 scales was built for numerical simulation. A drag reduction effect was achieved within a velocity range of 0.8–11 m/s, and the maximum drag reduction rate was 7.65% when the flow velocity was 1.4 m/s.
- (3)
- The bionic micro-structure can control near-wall flow, reduce near-wall velocity gradient, increase boundary layer thickness, and delay the transition of layer flow turbulence.
- (4)
- Due to the existence of high and low pressure zones, alternating high and low speed streaks were generated in the x direction. As the water flows over the bionic surface, it slows down significantly, which could effectively reduce the Reynolds number and delay the transition of laminar to turbulent flow.
- (5)
- Vortices were generated behind each scale, which helped to form the liquid-liquid friction film and thus reducing the resistance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Equipment | Type | Accuracy | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Pressure sensor | TXY815 | 0.5% | 0–0.6 MPa |
Flow meter | TXY920 | Level 0.5 | 0–18 m³/h |
DAQ card | NI9203 | 16-bit resolution 200 k/s sample frequency | - |
Volume Flow Rate (m³/h) | PD Smooth (Pa) | SD | RSD | |||
Smooth Test 1 | Smooth Test 2 | Smooth Test 3 | Average Value | |||
0.204 | 672.5468 | 683.2486 | 711.3469 | 689.0474 | 16.3622 | 2.37% |
0.303 | 665.9226 | 669.5486 | 703.6699 | 679.7137 | 17.0042 | 2.50% |
0.398 | 680.7184 | 650.3495 | 625.5408 | 652.2029 | 22.5643 | 3.46% |
0.507 | 646.1646 | 625.1648 | 629.6532 | 633.6608 | 9.0293 | 1.42% |
0.611 | 659.2171 | 665.3649 | 721.5431 | 682.0417 | 28.0442 | 4.11% |
0.715 | 639.2333 | 645.3654 | 702.5038 | 662.3675 | 28.4909 | 4.30% |
0.792 | 642.6022 | 659.2654 | 643.2336 | 648.3671 | 7.7106 | 1.19% |
0.900 | 636.4690 | 642.5895 | 687.5243 | 655.5276 | 22.7626 | 3.47% |
1.06 | 691.1193 | 746.3654 | 757.8527 | 731.7791 | 29.1308 | 3.98% |
Volume Flow Rate(m³/h) | PD Bionic (Pa) | SD | RSD | |||
Bionic Test 1 | Bionic Test 2 | Bionic Test 3 | Average Value | |||
0.204 | 628.4862 | 642.4862 | 664.9267 | 645.2997 | 15.0092 | 2.33% |
0.303 | 647.1653 | 689.5464 | 641.1235 | 659.2784 | 21.5444 | 3.27% |
0.398 | 608.2772 | 598.4687 | 560.1497 | 588.9652 | 20.7654 | 3.53% |
0.507 | 527.4023 | 547.6554 | 553.1338 | 542.7305 | 11.0670 | 2.04% |
0.611 | 560.2364 | 543.6548 | 520.4762 | 541.4558 | 16.3063 | 3.01% |
0.715 | 499.4779 | 489.3478 | 538.4779 | 509.1012 | 21.1801 | 4.16% |
0.792 | 643.6147 | 638.4715 | 707.0017 | 663.0293 | 31.1640 | 4.70% |
0.900 | 650.4684 | 615.2646 | 621.0669 | 628.9333 | 15.4108 | 2.45% |
1.06 | 710.8683 | 642.5698 | 678.2129 | 677.2170 | 27.8916 | 4.12% |
Flow Velocity (m/s) | 0.48 | 0.713 | 0.937 | 1.193 | 1.438 | 1.683 | 1.864 | 2.118 | 2.498 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k (%) | 6% | 3% | 10% | 14% | 21% | 23% | −2% | 4% | 7% |
Flow Velocity (m/s) | Re | Resistance of B-Wall (N) | Resistance of S-Wall (N) | Drag Reduction Rate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Differential Pressure | Viscous | Total | Differential Pressure | Viscous | Total | Viscous Resistance | Total Resistance | |||
Low | 0.8 | 5485.6 | 1.73 × 10−6 | 2.30 × 10−4 | 2.32 × 10−4 | 0 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 4.41% | 3.70% |
1 | 6857.0 | 2.66 × 10−6 | 3.36 × 10−4 | 3.38 × 10−4 | 0 | 3.56 × 10−4 | 3.56 × 10−4 | 5.57% | 5.00% | |
1.2 | 8228.4 | 4.79 × 10−6 | 4.57 × 10−4 | 4.62 × 10−4 | 0 | 4.94 × 10−4 | 4.94 × 10−4 | 7.51% | 6.54% | |
1.4 | 9599.8 | 5.28 × 10−6 | 5.95 × 10−4 | 6.00 × 10−4 | 0 | 6.50 × 10−4 | 6.50 × 10−4 | 8.46% | 7.65% | |
1.6 | 10971.2 | 6.99 × 10−6 | 7.46 × 10−4 | 7.53 × 10−4 | 0 | 8.10 × 10−4 | 8.10 × 10−4 | 7.87% | 7.01% | |
1.8 | 12342.6 | 8.99 × 10−6 | 9.11 × 10−4 | 9.20 × 10−4 | 0 | 9.76 × 10−4 | 9.76 × 10−4 | 6.63% | 5.71% | |
Mid | 2 | 13714.0 | 1.13 × 10−5 | 1.09 × 10−3 | 1.10 × 10−3 | 0 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 5.93% | 4.95% |
2.2 | 15085.4 | 1.40 × 10−5 | 1.28 × 10−3 | 1.30 × 10−3 | 0 | 1.36 × 10−3 | 1.36 × 10−3 | 5.79% | 4.77% | |
2.4 | 16456.8 | 1.70 × 10−5 | 1.49 × 10−3 | 1.51 × 10−3 | 0 | 1.58 × 10−3 | 1.58 × 10−3 | 5.94% | 4.86% | |
2.6 | 17828.2 | 2.04 × 10−5 | 1.71 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−3 | 0 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 6.13% | 5.02% | |
2.8 | 19199.6 | 2.41 × 10−5 | 1.94 × 10−3 | 1.97 × 10−3 | 0 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 6.27% | 5.11% | |
3 | 20571.0 | 2.83 × 10−5 | 2.19 × 10−3 | 2.22 × 10−3 | 0 | 2.34 × 10−3 | 2.34 × 10−3 | 6.31% | 5.10% | |
High | 4 | 27428.0 | 5.59 × 10−5 | 3.63 × 10−3 | 3.68 × 10−3 | 0 | 3.83 × 10−3 | 3.83 × 10−3 | 5.28% | 3.82% |
5 | 34285.0 | 9.63 × 10−5 | 5.40 × 10−3 | 5.49 × 10−3 | 0 | 5.65 × 10−3 | 5.65 × 10−3 | 4.43% | 2.73% | |
7 | 47999.0 | 2.24 × 10−4 | 9.93 × 10−3 | 1.02 × 10−2 | 0 | 1.04 × 10−2 | 1.04 × 10−2 | 4.53% | 2.39% | |
9 | 61713.0 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 1.59 × 10−2 | 1.63 × 10−2 | 0 | 1.66 × 10−2 | 1.66 × 10−2 | 4.14% | 1.55% | |
11 | 75427.0 | 7.29 × 10−4 | 2.32 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−2 | 0 | 2.40 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−2 | 3.17% | 0.13% | |
13 | 89141.0 | 1.14 × 10−3 | 3.20 × 10−2 | 3.31 × 10−2 | 0 | 3.26 × 10−2 | 3.26 × 10−2 | 1.84% | −1.65% |
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Wu, L.; Wang, J.; Luo, G.; Wang, S.; Qu, J.; Fan, X.; Liu, C. Study on the Drag Reduction Characteristics of the Surface Morphology of Paramisgurnus dabryanus Loach. Coatings 2021, 11, 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111357
Wu L, Wang J, Luo G, Wang S, Qu J, Fan X, Liu C. Study on the Drag Reduction Characteristics of the Surface Morphology of Paramisgurnus dabryanus Loach. Coatings. 2021; 11(11):1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111357
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Liyan, Jiaqi Wang, Guihang Luo, Siqi Wang, Jianwei Qu, Xiaoguang Fan, and Cuihong Liu. 2021. "Study on the Drag Reduction Characteristics of the Surface Morphology of Paramisgurnus dabryanus Loach" Coatings 11, no. 11: 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111357