Plasma Sputtered Tungsten Oxide Thin Film on Poly(lactic acid) for Food Packaging Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coatings Preparation
2.2. Samples Characterization
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Morphological Analysis
3.2. Chemical Structure Analysis
3.3. Optical Analysis
3.4. Oxygen Permeability Analysis
3.5. Antimicrobial Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Han, J.W.; Ruiz-Garcia, L.; Qian, J.-P.; Yang, X.-T. Food Packaging: A Comprehensive Review and Future Trends. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2018, 17, 860–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jamshidian, M.; Tehrany, E.A.; Imran, M.; Jacquot, M.; Desobry, S. Poly-Lactic Acid: Production, Applications, Nanocomposites, and Release Studies. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2010, 9, 552–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siracusa, V.; Rocculi, P.; Romani, S.; Rosa, M.D. Biodegradable Polymers for Food Packaging: A Review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2008, 19, 634–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alzate Marin, J.C.; Rivero, S.; Pinotti, A.; Caravelli, A.; Zaritzky, N.E. Microstructural Behaviors of Matrices Based on Polylactic Acid and Polyhydroxyalkanoates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 10033–10040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kakroodi, A.R.; Kazemi, Y.; Ding, W.; Ameli, A.; Park, C.B. Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based in Situ Microfibrillar Composites with Enhanced Crystallization Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Rheological Behavior, and Foaming Ability. Biomacromolecules 2015, 16, 3925–3935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Gardner, D.J.; Stark, N.M.; Bousfield, D.W.; Tajvidi, M.; Cai, Z. Moisture and Oxygen Barrier Properties of Cellulose Nanomaterial-Based Films. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 49–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narayanan, M.; Loganathan, S.; Valapa, R.B.; Thomas, S.; Varghese, T.O. UV Protective Poly(Lactic Acid)/Rosin Films for Sustainable Packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 99, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi, I.; Khodaiyan, F.; Mousavi, M.; Yousefi, H. Preparation of UV-Protective Kefiran/Nano-ZnO Nanocomposites: Physical and Mechanical Properties. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 72, 41–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llorens, A.; Lloret, E.; Picouet, P.A.; Trbojevich, R.; Fernandez, A. Metallic-Based Micro and Nanocomposites in Food Contact Materials and Active Food Packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 24, 19–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia, C.V.; Shin, G.H.; Kim, J.T. Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites in Food Packaging: Applications, Migration, and Regulations. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 82, 21–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galstyan, V.; Bhandari, M.P.; Sberveglieri, V.; Sberveglieri, G.; Comini, E. Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Food Applications: Quality Control and Packaging. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krehula, L.K.; Papić, A.; Krehula, S.; Gilja, V.; Foglar, L.; Hrnjak-Murgić, Z. Properties of UV Protective Films of Poly (Vinyl-Chloride)/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging. Polym. Bull. 2017, 74, 1387–1404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goudarzi, V.; Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi, I.; Babaei-Ghazvini, A. Preparation of Ecofriendly UV-Protective Food Packaging Material by Starch/TiO2 Bio-Nanocomposite: Characterization. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 95, 306–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Swaroop, C.; Shukla, M. Nano-Magnesium Oxide Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biofilms for Food Packaging Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 113, 729–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Culica, M.E.; Chibac-Scutaru, A.L.; Melinte, V.; Coseri, S. Cellulose Acetate Incorporating Organically Functionalized CeO2 NPs: Efficient Materials for UV Filtering Applications. Materials 2020, 13, 2955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marra, A.; Silvestre, C.; Duraccio, D.; Cimmino, S. Polylactic Acid/Zinc Oxide Biocomposite Films for Food Packaging Application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 88, 254–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.-M.; Naseem, S.; Chou, M.-H.; Wang, J.-H.; Jian, Y.-Q. Recent Advances in Tungsten-Oxide-Based Materials and Their Applications. Front. Mater. 2019, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mardare, C.C.; Hassel, A.W. Review on the Versatility of Tungsten Oxide Coatings. Phys. Status Solidi A 2019, 216, 1900047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cong, S.; Geng, F.; Zhao, Z. Tungsten Oxide Materials for Optoelectronic Applications. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 10518–10528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silano, V.; Bolognesi, C.; Cravedi, J.-P.; Engel, K.-H.; Fowler, P.; Franz, R.; Grob, K.; Gürtler, R.; Husøy, T.; Kärenlampi, S.; et al. Safety Assessment of the Substance ‘Tungsten Oxide’ for Use in Food Contact Materials. EFSA J. 2017, 15, e04661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tan, G.-L.; Tang, D.; Dastan, D.; Jafari, A.; Shi, Z.; Chu, Q.-Q.; Silva, J.P.B.; Yin, X.-T. Structures, Morphological Control, and Antibacterial Performance of Tungsten Oxide Thin Films. Ceram. Int. 2021, 47, 17153–17160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, T.; Qian, Y.; Wei, J.; Zhou, C. Polymeric Antimicrobial Food Packaging and Its Applications. Polymers 2019, 11, 560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fahlteich, J.; Fahland, M.; Schönberger, W.; Schiller, N. Permeation Barrier Properties of Thin Oxide Films on Flexible Polymer Substrates. Thin Solid Films 2009, 517, 3075–3080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, S.; Nyberg, T. Fundamental Understanding and Modeling of Reactive Sputtering Processes. Thin Solid Films 2005, 476, 215–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghezzi, F.; Laguardia, L.; Caniello, R.; Canton, A.; Dal Bello, S.; Rais, B.; Anderle, M. XPS, SIMS and FTIR-ATR Characterization of Boronized Graphite from the Thermonuclear Plasma Device RFX-Mod. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 354, 408–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Firpo, G.; Setina, J.; Angeli, E.; Repetto, L.; Valbusa, U. High-Vacuum Setup for Permeability and Diffusivity Measurements by Membrane Techniques. Vacuum 2021, 191, 110368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slepička, P.; Fidler, T.; Vasina, A.; Švorčík, V. Ripple-like Structure on PLLA Induced by Gold Deposition and Thermal Treatment. Mater. Lett. 2012, 79, 4–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slepička, P.; Trostová, S.; Slepičková Kasálková, N.; Kolská, Z.; Sajdl, P.; Švorčík, V. Surface Modification of Biopolymers by Argon Plasma and Thermal Treatment: Surface Modification of Biopolymers. Plasma Process. Polym. 2012, 9, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juřík, P.; Slepička, P.; Mistrík, J.; Janíček, P.; Rimpelová, S.; Kolská, Z.; Švorčík, V. Oriented Gold Ripple-like Structures on Poly-l-Lactic Acid. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 321, 503–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.-C.; Chueh, J.-Y.; Tseng, H.; Huang, H.-M.; Lee, S.-Y. Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable PLA Polymeric Blends. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 1167–1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laput, O.; Vasenina, I.; Salvadori, M.C.; Savkin, K.; Zuza, D.; Kurzina, I. Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment of Polylactic Acid and PLA/HA Composite Material. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 11726–11738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kustova, G.N.; Chesalov, Y.A.; Plyasova, L.M.; Molina, I.Y.; Nizovskii, A.I. Vibrational Spectra of WO3·nH2O and WO3 Polymorphs. Vib. Spectrosc. 2011, 55, 235–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Wang, H.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Yan, H. Nonstoichiometric Tungsten Oxide: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2020, 31, 861–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Ajlony, A.-M.B.; Kanjilal, A.; Harilal, S.S.; Hassanein, A. Carbon Contamination and Oxidation of Au Surfaces under Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: An x-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2012, 30, 041603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Powell, C. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database XPS; NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1.
- Duncan, S.E.; Chang, H.-H. Implications of Light Energy on Food Quality and Packaging Selection. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; Volume 67, pp. 25–73. ISBN 978-0-12-394598-3. [Google Scholar]
- Beu, T.A.; Mercea, P.-V. Gas Transport through Metallized Polymer Membranes. Mater. Chem. Phys. 1990, 26, 309–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prins, W.; Hermans, J.J. Theory of Permeation through Metal Coated Polymer Films. J. Phys. Chem. 1959, 63, 716–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, T.; Yu, Q.; Fang, L.; Wang, J.; Wu, T.; Song, P. All-Organic Multilayer Coatings for Advanced Poly(lactic acid) Films with High Oxygen Barrier and Excellent Antifogging Properties. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2019, 1, 3470–3476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valerini, D.; Tammaro, L.; Vigliotta, G.; Picariello, E.; Banfi, F.; Cavaliere, E.; Ciambriello, L.; Gavioli, L. Ag Functionalization of Al-Doped ZnO Nanostructured Coatings on PLA Substrate for Antibacterial Applications. Coatings 2020, 10, 1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Element | Relative Concentration (%) |
---|---|
N | 7.29 |
O | 60.83 |
C | 5.3 |
W | 26.59 |
Sample | Transmittance (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
At 300 nm (UV-B Region) | At 350 nm (UV-A Region) | At 600 nm (Visible Region) | |
PLA | 84 | 85 | 89 |
PLA/25 nm WOx | 12 | 25 | 65 |
PLA/50 nm WOx | 4 | 18 | 43 |
PLA/100 nm WOx | 3 | 15 | 44 |
Sample | Escherichia coli |
---|---|
PLA | 6.71 ± 0.07 |
PLA/25 nm WOx | 5.68 ± 1.49 |
PLA/50 nm WOx | <1.49 |
PLA/100 nm WOx | <1.49 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pedroni, M.; Vassallo, E.; Aloisio, M.; Brasca, M.; Chen, H.; Firpo, G.; Ghezzi, F.; Morandi, S.; Pietralunga, S.M.; Silvetti, T.; et al. Plasma Sputtered Tungsten Oxide Thin Film on Poly(lactic acid) for Food Packaging Applications. Coatings 2021, 11, 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111281
Pedroni M, Vassallo E, Aloisio M, Brasca M, Chen H, Firpo G, Ghezzi F, Morandi S, Pietralunga SM, Silvetti T, et al. Plasma Sputtered Tungsten Oxide Thin Film on Poly(lactic acid) for Food Packaging Applications. Coatings. 2021; 11(11):1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111281
Chicago/Turabian StylePedroni, Matteo, Espedito Vassallo, Marco Aloisio, Milena Brasca, Hao Chen, Giuseppe Firpo, Francesco Ghezzi, Stefano Morandi, Silvia Maria Pietralunga, Tiziana Silvetti, and et al. 2021. "Plasma Sputtered Tungsten Oxide Thin Film on Poly(lactic acid) for Food Packaging Applications" Coatings 11, no. 11: 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111281