Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Lamiaceae Family against Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans Biofilms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Agar Disk Diffusion Assay
2.2. Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Analysis of EOs
2.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.4. Determination of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI)
2.5. Time–Kill Studies
2.6. Anti-Biofilm Activity Determination
2.7. Quantification of EOs Activity on Mature Biofilm by Fluorescence Assay Study
2.8. Effectiveness of EOs Activity on Mature Biofilm by Fluorescence Microscopy Study
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Essential Oils
4.3. Microbial Strains
4.4. Agar Disk Diffusion Assay
4.5. GC Analysis
4.6. Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Analysis
4.7. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
4.8. Determination of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI)
4.9. Time–Kill Studies
4.10. Anti-Biofilm Activity Determination
4.11. Quantification of EOs Activity on Mature Biofilm by Fluorescence Assay Study
4.12. Effectiveness of EOs Activity on Mature Biofilm by Fluorescence Microscopy Study
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound a | LRIb | Lavandula x intermedia | Mentha arvensis |
---|---|---|---|
α-Thujene | 926 | 0.1 c | - |
α-Pinene | 931 | 0.7 c | 0.7 c |
Camphene | 946 | 0.5 c | - |
Sabinene | 971 | 0.2 c | 0.3 c |
β-Pinene | 974 | 0.5 c | 0.8 c |
β-Myrcene | 990 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7 c |
p-Cymene | 1024 | 0.3 c | - |
Limonene | 1027 | 1.4 c | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
1,8-Cineole | 1029 | 5.0 c | 0.2 c |
cis-Ocimene | 1037 | 0.8 c | - |
trans-Ocimene | 1047 | 0.9 c | - |
γ- Terpinene | 1058 | 0.1 c | - |
Terpinolene | 1087 | 0.4 c | - |
Linalool | 1100 | 36.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 c |
Camphor | 1143 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | - |
Isopulegol | 1146 | - | 0.8 c |
Menthone | 1156 | - | 7.8 ± 0.1 |
Borneol | 1165 | 4.0 c | - |
Isomenthone | 1167 | - | 5.4 c |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1177 | 2.7 c | - |
Menthol | 1180 | - | 73.8 ± 0.2 |
α- Terpineol | 1191 | 0.9 c | 0.1 c |
Pulegone | 1245 | - | 0.5 c |
Piperitone | 1259 | - | 0.5 c |
Linalyl acetate | 1263 | 27.3 ± 0.2 | - |
Lavandulyl acetate | 1293 | 1.8 c | - |
Menthyl Acetate | 1297 | - | 2.1 c |
β-Bourbonene | 1390 | - | 0.1 c |
β-Caryophyllene | 1424 | 1.5 c | 0.3 c |
Germacrene D | 1487 | - | 0.4 c |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1592 | 0.2 c | - |
Total | 92.1 | 98.2 |
Strains | Lavandula x intermedia | Mentha arvensis | Erythromycin | Fluconazole |
---|---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus agalactiae 1 | 18 | 36 | 2 | - |
Streptococcus agalactiae 2 | 9 | 18 | 1 | - |
Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 13813 | 18 | 18 | 0.125 | - |
Candida albicans 1 | 18 | 18 | - | 4 |
Candida albicans 2 | 9 | 144 | - | 4 |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | 18 | 72 | - | 0.25 |
Lactobacillus spp.1 | 144 | 9 | 0.5 | 1 |
Lactobacillus spp.2 | 144 | 18 | 0.25 | 1 |
Lactobacillus spp.3 | 72 | 18 | 0.25 | 1 |
Lactobacillus spp.4 | 72 | 18 | 1 | 0.5 |
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Iseppi, R.; Tardugno, R.; Brighenti, V.; Benvenuti, S.; Sabia, C.; Pellati, F.; Messi, P. Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Lamiaceae Family against Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans Biofilms. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090592
Iseppi R, Tardugno R, Brighenti V, Benvenuti S, Sabia C, Pellati F, Messi P. Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Lamiaceae Family against Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans Biofilms. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(9):592. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090592
Chicago/Turabian StyleIseppi, Ramona, Roberta Tardugno, Virginia Brighenti, Stefania Benvenuti, Carla Sabia, Federica Pellati, and Patrizia Messi. 2020. "Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Lamiaceae Family against Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans Biofilms" Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090592