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Antibiotics
Volume 14
Issue 4
10.3390/antibiotics14040406
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Article

Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics

by
Daniela Mora-Coto
1,
Pedro Moreno-Vélez
1,
José Luna-Muñoz
2,3,4,
Samadhi Moreno-Campuzano
5 and
Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres
1,2,*
1
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico, 64849
2
National Dementia BioBank, AMPAEYDEN A.C., Federación Mexicana de Alzheimer, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54743, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
3
Dirección de Investigación, Innovación y Posgrado, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Zempoala 43830, Mexico
4
Banco Nacional de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 2796, Dominican Republic
5
Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, La Purísima Ticoman, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07320, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2025, 14(4), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040406
Submission received: 4 March 2025 / Revised: 19 March 2025 / Accepted: 25 March 2025 / Published: 16 April 2025
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem threatening the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli, the main source of food contamination and responsible for many infectious diseases with high indices of AR profiles. Our objective was to study the presence of Escherichia coli in foods that are distributed and prepared on the street, characterizing its sensitivity profile and resistance to antibiotic drugs commonly prescribed in this geographical area. Methods: Standard procedures were performed to identify and isolate E. coli colonies from food samples collected during a three-year study. Susceptibility assays were conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance profile, and Colony PCR assays were performed to determine the pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes. Results: A total of 189 food samples were collected, and 100% of the samples were positive for E. coli, with higher percentages of contamination for vegetables and fruits. ETEC (lt) and UPEC (vat, cnf1, hylA) genes were identified in 100% of the samples and DAEC (afa) in 27%. E. coli exhibited high percentages of resistance against ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100%) and cephalexin (45%). The most effective antibiotics were tetracycline, TMP-SMX, polymyxin, and quinolones. The AR genes tetA, sul1, catA1, strA, qnrS, and floR were identified among the samples. Conclusions: Food prepared and marketed on the streets seriously threatens human health. Ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should not be used to treat infections caused by the multidrug-resistant ETEC and UPEC identified in this area. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the status of AR in this geographical area.
Keywords: fecal coliform bacteria; multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli; contaminated food fecal coliform bacteria; multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli; contaminated food

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mora-Coto, D.; Moreno-Vélez, P.; Luna-Muñoz, J.; Moreno-Campuzano, S.; Ontiveros-Torres, M.A. Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics. Antibiotics 2025, 14, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040406

AMA Style

Mora-Coto D, Moreno-Vélez P, Luna-Muñoz J, Moreno-Campuzano S, Ontiveros-Torres MA. Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2025; 14(4):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040406

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mora-Coto, Daniela, Pedro Moreno-Vélez, José Luna-Muñoz, Samadhi Moreno-Campuzano, and Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres. 2025. "Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics" Antibiotics 14, no. 4: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040406

APA Style

Mora-Coto, D., Moreno-Vélez, P., Luna-Muñoz, J., Moreno-Campuzano, S., & Ontiveros-Torres, M. A. (2025). Intestinal and Extraintestinal Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Are Prevalent in Food Prepared and Marketed on the Streets from the Central Zone of Mexico and Exhibit a Differential Phenotype of Resistance Against Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 14(4), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040406

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