Bovine Colostrum: Human and Animal Health Benefits or Route Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance—One Health Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Importance of Bioactive Components and Animal Health Benefits
3. Human Health Benefits
4. Bovine Colostrum Pathogens
- Normal inhabitants of the mucosa and skin of dam (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus, Pasteurella spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Arconobacterium pyogenes);
- Environmental contaminants (gram-negative rods, Bacillus spp. and Micrococcus spp.);
- Fecal contaminants (coliforms, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus bovis, E. coli and Proteus spp.);
- Mammary pathogens (Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae);
- During the collection, processing, storage and feeding processes;
- Systemic infections (Listeria spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp.).
5. Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Colostrum
Presence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
6. Measures to Mitigate Bacterial Contamination in Bovine Colostrum
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioactive Component | Functions |
---|---|
Fat | Body temperature regulate and energy |
Lactose | Body temperature regulate and energy, stimulate of the nervous system |
Protein (Immunoglobulins) | Immune response |
Other protein (casein and albumin) | Muscle development and energy |
Nonspecific antimicrobial factors | Immune response |
Growth factors | Muscle development and energy |
Leucocyte populations | Immune response |
Hormones | Growth performance |
Vitamins | Immune response and antioxidant |
Nutrients | Muscle development and energy |
Cytokines (Interleukin 6) | Immune and anti-inflammatory response |
Enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase) | Antimicrobial response |
Minerals | Growth performance |
Bacterial Pathogens | |
---|---|
Gram-Positive | Gram-Negative |
Staphylococcus aureus | Escherichia coli |
Streptococcus uberis | Salmonella Enteritidis |
Streptococcus parauberis | Campylobacter jejuni |
Streptococcus dysgalactiae | Mycoplasma bovis |
Enterococcus faecalis | |
Enterococcus feacium | |
Listeria innocua | |
Listeria monocytogenes | |
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis |
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Miranda, C.; Igrejas, G.; Poeta, P. Bovine Colostrum: Human and Animal Health Benefits or Route Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance—One Health Perspective. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071156
Miranda C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Bovine Colostrum: Human and Animal Health Benefits or Route Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance—One Health Perspective. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(7):1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071156
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda, Carla, Gilberto Igrejas, and Patrícia Poeta. 2023. "Bovine Colostrum: Human and Animal Health Benefits or Route Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance—One Health Perspective" Antibiotics 12, no. 7: 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071156