Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Antibiotics and Food Safety
2. Antibiotics Detection Techniques
Detection Method | Principle | Advantages | Drawback |
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) |
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Biosensors |
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Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) | The LC-MS coupling is an effective system whereby the mass spectrometry component functions by transforming the ionised (charged) state of molecules using the mass-to-charge ratio. There are several methods of LC-MS, including the electrospray ionisation source, direct injection methods and mobile phase [14]. | Highly sensitive and able to handle complex mixtures [14] |
3. Overview of Biosensors
3.1. Definition of Biosensors
3.2. Classification of Biosensors
4. Types of Biosensors
4.1. Electrochemical Biosensors
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- Potentiometric-based biosensors sense changes in pH and ion concentrations upon the antigen/antibody interaction.
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- Amperometric-based biosensors sense the difference in current potentials during redox reactions when antigen/antibody pairing occurs.
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- Conductometric/capacitive biosensors sense the change of electrical charge in a solution under constant voltage. This method is not recommended because of poor signal-to-noise ratio.
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- Impedimetric-based biosensors sense changes in impedances upon antigen/antibody interaction.
4.2. Mass-Based Biosensors
4.3. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
4.4. Optics Biosensors
4.4.1. Absorbance Fibre-Optic Biosensors
- A = Optical Absorbance.
- Io = Incident light intensity.
- I = Transmitted light intensity.
- є = Molar absorption coefficient.
4.4.2. Fluorescence Fibre-Optic Biosensors
4.4.3. Luminescence Fibre-Optic Biosensors
ATP Bioluminescence
Bacterial Bioluminescence
5. Design Strategies of Fluorescent Biosensors
Auto-Fluorescent Protein (AFP)-Based Biosensors
Analyte-Sensitive Sensors
Conformation-Sensitive Sensors
6. Biosensor Recognition
7. Biosensor Transducing Element: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
7.1. SPR Transducing Recognition
7.2. Biorecognition Element of SPR
Antibiotics | Matrix | Biosensor Type | LOD (Limit Of detection) | Sample Pre-Treatment & Assay time | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin | Pig muscle | Optical biosensor—SPR | 70 ng/g muscle | Buffer + adjustment pH, kidney and muscle: 3% trichloroacetic acid or 3.6% HClO4 or 0.2 M Na2HPO4 at pH 9.2 4 h at 45 °C in tube (Accusphere test) | [25] |
Quinolones: Norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, difloxacin | Chicken muscle | Optical biosensor—dual SPR + LC electrospray time-of-flight MS | LC50: between 2.7 and 5.9 ng/g for multi-FQs and 3.8 ng/g for flumequine | Homogenize with water, filtration of supernatant, ultrafiltration 3 h at 67 °C in tube (Farm test) | [26] |
Macrolides/Fenicol: Fenicols: CAP, CAP glucuronide | Poultry muscle | Optical biosensor—SPR | 0.005 ng/g for poultry muscle | (PBS) + ethyl acetate then evaporation supernatant 4 h at 45 °C in tube (Accusphere test) | [27] |
Tetracyclines: Chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline and their 4-epimer metabolites | Poultry muscle | Bioluminescent biosensor bacterial | 5 ng/g for doxycycline, 7.5 ng/g for chlortetracycline, and 25 ng/g for (oxy)tetracycline | Heating, centrifugationto obtain meat fluid sample. 3 h at 67 °C in tube (Farm test) | [28] |
Sulfonamides: Sulfamethazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfachlorpyrazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine, sulfatroxazole, sulfathiazole | Chicken serum | Optical biosensor—SPR | 10 ng/mL for sulfamethazine | None | [29] |
8. Microfluidics and Biosensors
9. Future Outlook of Biosensors
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Mungroo, N.A.; Neethirajan, S. Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry—A Review. Biosensors 2014, 4, 472-493. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios4040472
Mungroo NA, Neethirajan S. Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry—A Review. Biosensors. 2014; 4(4):472-493. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios4040472
Chicago/Turabian StyleMungroo, Nawfal Adam, and Suresh Neethirajan. 2014. "Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry—A Review" Biosensors 4, no. 4: 472-493. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios4040472