Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Pathogen Detection: Algorithms, Biosensing Platforms, and Applications

Rapid and accurate pathogen detection serves as a core component in infectious disease prevention and control, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and public health surveillance systems. Although traditional detection methods have been widely adopted in clinical practice, they still exhibit significant limitations in terms of detection speed, throughput, automation levels, and adaptability to complex samples. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has provided novel technical pathways for pathogen detection by leveraging its strengths in feature learning, pattern recognition, and multidimensional data modeling. The core contribution of this review lies in providing a novel, integrated analytical framework that overcomes the limitations of existing reviews, which often focus on a single modality (such as imaging alone or molecular diagnostics alone). Based on this framework, this paper systematically reviews AI research progress in pathogen detection, focusing on typical applications of machine learning and deep learning algorithms in analyzing imaging data, molecular diagnostic data, sensor signals, microscopic images, and multimodal data. It summarizes AI’s enabling value in enhancing detection sensitivity, specificity, automation, and point-of-care capabilities. Concurrently, this paper delves into key challenges facing AI-assisted pathogen detection, including data standardization, model generalization, interpretability, and clinical translation. It also outlines future trends toward intelligent, integrated, and clinically deployable applications. This paper aims to provide researchers and clinicians in the interdisciplinary field of artificial intelligence, biosensing, and clinical medicine with a comprehensive reference and roadmap for future development.