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Biosensors
Volume 15
Issue 7
10.3390/bios15070400
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Gas-Sensing Properties for Formaldehyde in Vegetables

by
Weihao Wu
1,†,
Yaochong Yang
1,†,
Cheng Zhao
2,
Xingyu Wang
1,
Yitong Xie
3,
Kexin Jiang
3,
Huafeng Feng
3,* and
Yongheng Zhu
1,*
1
College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2
Henan Railway Food Safety Management Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College, Zhengzhou 451460, China
3
Department of Food Science, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biosensors 2025, 15(7), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070400
Submission received: 10 May 2025 / Revised: 13 June 2025 / Accepted: 17 June 2025 / Published: 20 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology: From Fabrication Methods and Improvement Strategies to Applications in Biosensing and Biomedicine (2nd Edition))
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Versions Notes

Abstract

Formaldehyde is illegally applied to vegetables by vendors as a preservative to extend their shelf life, and it poses health risks to consumers. Herein, a series of WO3 with different morphologies were synthesized and employed as the sensing material in gas sensors to detect formaldehyde in vegetables rapidly. Among all the samples, the WO3 nanoplate sensor exhibited the best sensitivity (16.5@200 ppm), a rapid response/recovery time (10/12 s), superior selectivity, and a low limit of detection (500 ppb). This was mainly attributed to its abundant mesopores and large specific surface area, which enhanced the formaldehyde adsorption capacity and adsorption/desorption rates while providing more active sites, thereby improving the sensor’s response speed and resistance variation range. The WO3 nanoplate sensor also achieved reliable formaldehyde detection in actual vegetable samples (baby cabbage). This study provides systematic guidance for optimizing the gas-sensing performance of functional materials. It establishes a foundation for developing rapid, non-destructive formaldehyde detection technologies applicable for vegetable quality control.
Keywords: WO3; different morphologies; gas sensors; formaldehyde; vegetables; food safety WO3; different morphologies; gas sensors; formaldehyde; vegetables; food safety
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, W.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X.; Xie, Y.; Jiang, K.; Feng, H.; Zhu, Y. Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Gas-Sensing Properties for Formaldehyde in Vegetables. Biosensors 2025, 15, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070400

AMA Style

Wu W, Yang Y, Zhao C, Wang X, Xie Y, Jiang K, Feng H, Zhu Y. Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Gas-Sensing Properties for Formaldehyde in Vegetables. Biosensors. 2025; 15(7):400. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070400

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Weihao, Yaochong Yang, Cheng Zhao, Xingyu Wang, Yitong Xie, Kexin Jiang, Huafeng Feng, and Yongheng Zhu. 2025. "Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Gas-Sensing Properties for Formaldehyde in Vegetables" Biosensors 15, no. 7: 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070400

APA Style

Wu, W., Yang, Y., Zhao, C., Wang, X., Xie, Y., Jiang, K., Feng, H., & Zhu, Y. (2025). Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies and Their Gas-Sensing Properties for Formaldehyde in Vegetables. Biosensors, 15(7), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070400

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