MXene-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors for Agricultural and Food Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MXene Synthesis and Characterization
2.1. Top-Down Etching of MAX Phase Precursors
2.1.1. HF Etching
2.1.2. In Situ HF Etching
2.2. Bottom-up Synthesis of MXene
3. MXene in NA Biosensors
3.1. NA-Based Biosensor
3.1.1. Genosensor
3.1.2. Aptasensor
3.1.3. NA Enzyme (NAzyme) Biosensor
3.2. Role of MXene in NA-Based Biosensors
4. Application of MXene-Based NA Biosensors in the Agricultural Food System
4.1. Pathogen Detection
4.2. Mycotoxins Detection
4.3. Antibiotics Detection
4.4. Other Targets
5. Summary and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analytes | MXene Biosensor | Detection Methods | LOD | Linear Range | Real Sample | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foodborne pathogens | Salmonella typhimurium | Aptamer/cDNA- PQDs/Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets | Fluorescent | 30 CFU/mL | 102–106 CFU/mL | Real aquatic sample | [81] |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 10 CFU/mL | ||||||
Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Aptamers/PBA-Fc@Pt@MXene | Electrochemical | 5 CFU/mL | 10–108 CFU/mL | Shrimp and water | [82] | |
Colorimetric | 30 CFU/mL | 102–108 CFU/mL | |||||
MXene/POSS-PQD-Apt | Fluorescent | 30 CFU/mL | 102–106 CFU/mL | Seawater | [83] | ||
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | PNA/Zr-MXene | Electrochemical | 20 CFU/mL | 102–108 CFU/mL | Simulated sputum sample | [84] | |
Ti3C2 MXene/polypyrrole/methylene blue | Electrochemical | 11.24 fM | 100 fM–25 nM | Clinical human sputum | [85] | ||
Escherichia coli | MXene/CRSPR-Cas12a/ssDNA-fluorophore | Fluorescent | 23 CFU/mL | 3.2 × 10–3.2 × 107 CFU/mL | Purified water, milk, grapefruit juice, green tea | [86] | |
Lipopolysaccharide | 11 pg/mL | 0.1–8000 ng/mL | |||||
Mycotoxin | Ochratoxin A | Aptamer/cDNA-MXene-Au/Pt@NiCo-LDH | Electrochemical | 8.9 fg/mL | 20 fg/mL–100 ng/mL | Corn and wheat sample | [87] |
MXene/Aptamer/Au-Ag Janus nanocomposites | Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | 1.28 pM | 0.01–50 nM | Red wine sample | [88] | ||
DNAzyme cascade amplification/MXene-TiO2/Au@PtAg | Photoelectrochemical | 1.73 fg/mL | 5 fg/mL–10 ng/mL | - | [89] | ||
Au@ MXene/tetrahedral DNA/signal probe DNA-Au@MOF (UIO-66) | Electrochemical | 330 fg/mL | 1 pg/mL–100 ng/mL | Corn sample | [90] | ||
MXene/polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber/ Aptamer | Electrochemical | 2.5 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–1 ng/mL | Grape juice | [91] | ||
Aflatoxin B1 | MXene/fluorophore-modified ssDNA/ Aptamer-CRISPR-Cas12 | Fluorescent | 0.92 pg/mL | 0.001–80 ng/mL | Peanut sample | [92] | |
MXene/Au dimer-Ag/ aptamer | Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | 0.6 pg/mL | 0.001–100 ng/mL | Peanut sample | [93] | ||
Deoxynivalenol | MXene-Au/luminophore-modified ssDNA/ Aptamer-CRISPR-Cas12 | Luminescent | 0.64 ng/mL | 1–500 ng/mL | Corn and lake water | [94] | |
MXene/Aptamer/APTES-glutaraldehyde | Electrochemical | 1 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–1 ng/mL | Paddy plant extractions | [95] | ||
Gliotoxin | MXene/tetrahedral DNA nanostructure/cDNA-peroxidase polymer | Electrochemical | 5 pM | 5 pM–10 nM | Human serum sample | [96] | |
Zearalenone | MXene/Chitosan/Aptamer/APTES-glutaraldehyde | Electrochemical | 0.4 pg/mL | 1 fg/mL–1 ng/mL | Corn and cow milk | [97] | |
Microcystin-LR | MXene@Au nanocomposites/cDNA-methylene blue/reduced graphene oxide/Au/Aptamer | Electrochemical | 4 × 10−5 nM | 0.0001–5 nM | Tap water and surface water | [98] | |
Saxitoxin | MXene/silane coupling agent/Aptamer | Electrochemical | 0.03 nM | 1.0–200 nM | Mussel tissue | [99] | |
Antibiotics | Chloramphenicol | Aptamer/MXene | Electrochemical | 0.03 pM | 0.0001–10 nM | Honey sample | [100] |
Aptamer/ZnO quantum dots-N doped MXene | Electrochemiluminescence | 0.019 ng/mL | 0.1–100 ng/mL | Pond water and milk | [101] | ||
Streptomycin | Aptamer/Bi4VO8Br/Ti3C2 nanostructure | Photoelectrochemical | 0.3 nM | 1–1000 nM | Honey sample | [102] | |
cDNA/Aptamer/MOF (UIO-66-NH2-PEI)/PANI-Ti3C2 nanostructure | Electrochemical | 0.0033 nM | 0.01–200 nM | Milk samples | [103] | ||
Enrofloxacin | Aptamer/O-Ti3C2 MXene-AgBr nanocrystal | Electrochemiluminescence | 5.97 × 10−13 mol/L | 1.0 × 10−12–1.0 × 10−6 mol/L | Pond water and tap water | [104] | |
Ciprofloxacin | Aptamer/Ti3C2-Bi4VO8Br-TiO2 | Photoelectrochemical | 0.3 nM | 1–1500 nM | Milk samples | [105] | |
Metal ions | Pb2+ | Nafion/Ti3C2Tx MXene/GR5 DNAzyme | Electrochemical | 0.1 nM | 0.5–32 nM | Liver tissues of rat and chicken | [106] |
Aptazyme/cDNA/Au@SiO2- Ru(bpy)32+/Ti3C2Tx MXene@Au | Electrochemiluminescence | 0.059 ng/L | 0.1 –106 ng/L | Tap, lake and industrial waste water | [107] | ||
MXene/FAM-DNA substrate/GR5 DNAzyme | Fluorescent | 0.05 ng/mL | 0.2–10 ng/L | Tap and river water | [108] | ||
Au@Nb4C3Tx MXene/ Aptamer | Electrochemical | 4 nM | 10 nM–5 µM | Tap and bottled water | [109] | ||
Hg2+ | Aptazyme/fluorophore-cDNA/Exo III-assisted system Ti3C2Tx MXene | Fluorescent | 42.5 pM | 0.05–50 nM | Tap and river water | [110] | |
Insecticides | - Isocarbophos (ICP) | MXene@Au/ICP aptamer/mandelic acid-HAuCl 4 | Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | 4.5 × 10−5 nmol/L | 1.0 × 10−3–2.5 × 10−2 nmol/L | Farm water | [111] |
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Wang, W.; Gunasekaran, S. MXene-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors for Agricultural and Food Systems. Biosensors 2022, 12, 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110982
Wang W, Gunasekaran S. MXene-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors for Agricultural and Food Systems. Biosensors. 2022; 12(11):982. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110982
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Weizheng, and Sundaram Gunasekaran. 2022. "MXene-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors for Agricultural and Food Systems" Biosensors 12, no. 11: 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110982