An Assessment of the Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) on Germinated Plants of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Material
2.2. Deionised Water, pH, and Ion Analysis
2.3. Preparation of the Sage Plant Extracts
2.4. Synthesis of AgNPs
2.5. Germination of Maize Seeds
2.6. Planting
2.7. Greenhouse Conditions
2.8. Harvesting Description
2.9. Photosynthetic Dyes Analysis
2.10. Plant Growth Metrics
2.11. Morphological and Anatomical Studies
2.12. Quenching of Radicals
2.13. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Determination
2.14. Total Flavonoid Content Determination
2.15. Total Protein (Biuret Method and Pyrogallol Red-Molybdate Method)
2.16. Pseudo-Peroxidase Assay
2.17. Silver Sample Collection-Electrochemical Measurement
2.18. Electron Microscopy of the AgNPs
2.19. Absorbance Measurements
2.20. Zetasizer Analysis of Nanoparticles
2.21. Data Treatment and Descriptive Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation of Sage Extract
3.2. Synthesis and Characterization of AgNPs
3.3. Effect of AgNPs and Ag(I) Ions on Germination
3.4. Effect of AgNPs and Ag(I) Ions on Planting Maize Seedlings
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABTS | 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) |
AgNP | silver nanoparticles |
APX | ascorbate peroxidase |
CAT | catalase |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl |
DW | dry weight |
FRAP | Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power |
FW | fresh weight |
HRP | horseradish peroxidase |
IAA | indole-3-acetic acid |
IBA | indole-3-butyric acid |
LOD | limit of detection |
LOQ | limit of quantification |
NPs | nanoparticles |
P | p-value |
POX | plant peroxidase |
R | correlation coefficient |
RSD | relative standard deviation |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
TMB | 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine |
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Sehnal, K.; Hosnedlova, B.; Docekalova, M.; Stankova, M.; Uhlirova, D.; Tothova, Z.; Kepinska, M.; Milnerowicz, H.; Fernandez, C.; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B.; et al. An Assessment of the Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) on Germinated Plants of Maize (Zea mays L.). Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111550
Sehnal K, Hosnedlova B, Docekalova M, Stankova M, Uhlirova D, Tothova Z, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H, Fernandez C, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, et al. An Assessment of the Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) on Germinated Plants of Maize (Zea mays L.). Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(11):1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111550
Chicago/Turabian StyleSehnal, Karel, Bozena Hosnedlova, Michaela Docekalova, Martina Stankova, Dagmar Uhlirova, Zuzana Tothova, Marta Kepinska, Halina Milnerowicz, Carlos Fernandez, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, and et al. 2019. "An Assessment of the Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) on Germinated Plants of Maize (Zea mays L.)" Nanomaterials 9, no. 11: 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111550