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Volume 16
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10.3390/nano16110667
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Article

A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro

by
Svetlana Zamorina
1,2,
Darya Usanina
1,2,
Kseniya Devyatova
2,
Maria Bochkova
1,2,
Maria Nikitina
1,2,
Mikhail Rayev
1,2 and
Valeria Timganova
1,*
1
Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva St., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva St., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110667
Submission received: 21 April 2026 / Revised: 18 May 2026 / Accepted: 23 May 2026 / Published: 26 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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Abstract

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in immune tolerance and are promising targets for treating immune-mediated diseases. This study investigated the direct effects of PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles (LP-GO, BP-GO at 5–25 μg/mL) and fullerenol C60(OH)24 (25–200 μg/mL) on human Treg viability and differentiation in vitro. Tregs were induced from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells using IL-2, TGF-β, and CD2/CD3/CD28 activation beads for 72 h with nanoparticles. Assessments included viability, apoptosis (Zombie aqua/Annexin V), phenotype (CD45+CD4+CD25+CD127dim/−FOXP3+), nanoparticle sorption (intrinsic fluorescence), and IL-10 production. Neither PEGylated graphene oxide nor fullerenol C60(OH)24 affected T-helper (CD4+) viability (95.35–96.15%) nor early/late apoptosis levels. Despite this, we found a decrease in the percentage of CD4+ cells in cultures exposed to 50–200 μg/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24. The percentage and absolute number of Treg cells decreased with 100–200 μg/mL of fullerenol, while IL-10 levels declined following treatment with 200 μg/mL of the same nanoparticles. Graphene oxide nanoparticles showed virtually no localization within or on cells. However, T helper and Treg cells demonstrated concentration-dependent sorption of fullerenol C60(OH)24 at concentrations of 100–200 μg/mL without a reduction in viability. These findings demonstrate good in vitro biocompatibility of the nanoparticles at pharmacological concentrations up to 25 μg/mL, alongside the inhibition of Treg differentiation with 100–200 μg/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24.
Keywords: regulatory T cells; PEGylated graphene oxide; fullerenol C60(OH)24; biomedicine; in vitro regulatory T cells; PEGylated graphene oxide; fullerenol C60(OH)24; biomedicine; in vitro
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zamorina, S.; Usanina, D.; Devyatova, K.; Bochkova, M.; Nikitina, M.; Rayev, M.; Timganova, V. A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro. Nanomaterials 2026, 16, 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110667

AMA Style

Zamorina S, Usanina D, Devyatova K, Bochkova M, Nikitina M, Rayev M, Timganova V. A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro. Nanomaterials. 2026; 16(11):667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110667

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zamorina, Svetlana, Darya Usanina, Kseniya Devyatova, Maria Bochkova, Maria Nikitina, Mikhail Rayev, and Valeria Timganova. 2026. "A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro" Nanomaterials 16, no. 11: 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110667

APA Style

Zamorina, S., Usanina, D., Devyatova, K., Bochkova, M., Nikitina, M., Rayev, M., & Timganova, V. (2026). A Study of the Direct Effect of Pegylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Fullerenol C60(OH)24 on the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro. Nanomaterials, 16(11), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110667

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