Current Methods in the Study of Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Promising Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration Materials
2.1. Nanomaterials as Fillers in Bone Regeneration Scaffolds
2.2. Nanomaterials Used in Drug Delivery Systems (DDS)
Application | Nanomaterial | Base | Fabrication Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Filler | Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles | Chitosan | Electrospinning | [27] |
Bioactive glass nanoparticles | Polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate | Bioprinting | [28] | |
Carbon nanotubes | Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene | Thermal compression | [29] | |
Graphene oxide | Alginate/gelatin | 3D bioprinting | [30] | |
Gold nanoparticles | Poly (L-lactic acid) | Electrospinning | [31] | |
TiO2 nanoparticles | Poly (D, L-lactic acid) | Solvent casting | [32] | |
Drug delivery | Ibandronate-loaded carbon nanohorns | Calcium phosphate | Coprecipitation | [43] |
Desferrioxamine-loaded liposomes | Hydrogel | Physical blending method | [22] | |
Breviscapine-loaded poly (D, L-lactic acid) nanoparticles | - | Spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method | [44] | |
BMP-2-loaded poly (L-lactic acid) | - | Electrospinning | [45] | |
Dexamethasone-loaded mesoporoussilica nanoparticles | Poly (L-lactic acid)/ Poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffold | Thermally induced phase separation | [46] |
2.3. Bone Regeneration Research Using CNTs
3. In Vivo Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration
4. In Vitro Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration
4.1. Types of Cells
4.1.1. Osteoblasts
4.1.2. Osteoclasts
4.1.3. Chondrocytes
4.1.4. Pluripotent Stem Cells
4.2. Indicators for Assessing Bone Formation In Vitro
5. Culture Medium
5.1. Basal Medium
5.1.1. Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium (MEM)
5.1.2. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)
5.1.3. Alpha Modified Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (αMEM)
5.2. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)
5.3. Additives
5.3.1. Ascorbic Acid
5.3.2. β-glycerophosphate
5.3.3. Dexamethasone
6. Opportunities and Challenges
6.1. Smart Nanomaterials
6.2. Effects of Medium and Additives on MC3T3-E1 Cells: An In Vitro Risk
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanomaterial | Advantages | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|
Ceramics | Biocompatibility Osteoinductive potential | Potential for cytotoxicity |
Polymers | Biocompatibility Biodegradability Manufacturing flexibility | Unfavorable biodegradability |
Carbon | Mechanical strength Electrical conductivity | Non-degradability Concerns of long-term safety |
Gold | Biocompatibility Photothermal stability Near-infrared absorbance | Non-degradability Concerns of long-term safety |
Titanium-based nanomaterials | Load-bearing properties Biocompatibility | Non-degradability Poor biological response and anti-bacterial properties |
Liposomes | Drug-loading ability | Mechanical weakness |
Stimulus | Nanomaterial | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Gold nanoparticles—Pluronic®F127- Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose | Tissue engineering | [100] |
pH | Polyethylene glycol-Ag nanoparticle | Antibacterial, wound healing | [101] |
Redox | Prodrug/AgNPs hybrid nanoparticles | Drug delivery | [102] |
Glucose | Boronic acid-derived polymers | Drug delivery | [103] |
Enzyme | Layer-by-layer assembly of poly (2-oxazoline)-based materials | Therapeutic delivery | [104] |
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Tanaka, M.; Izumiya, M.; Haniu, H.; Ueda, K.; Ma, C.; Ueshiba, K.; Ideta, H.; Sobajima, A.; Uchiyama, S.; Takahashi, J.; et al. Current Methods in the Study of Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071195
Tanaka M, Izumiya M, Haniu H, Ueda K, Ma C, Ueshiba K, Ideta H, Sobajima A, Uchiyama S, Takahashi J, et al. Current Methods in the Study of Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(7):1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071195
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanaka, Manabu, Makoto Izumiya, Hisao Haniu, Katsuya Ueda, Chuang Ma, Koki Ueshiba, Hirokazu Ideta, Atsushi Sobajima, Shigeharu Uchiyama, Jun Takahashi, and et al. 2022. "Current Methods in the Study of Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration" Nanomaterials 12, no. 7: 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071195