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Article

One-Pot Synthesis of Chlorophyll-Assisted Exfoliated MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures via Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

by
I-Wen P. Chen
*,
Yan-Ming Lai
and
Wei-Sheng Liao
Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City 95092, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092436
Submission received: 30 August 2021 / Revised: 13 September 2021 / Accepted: 16 September 2021 / Published: 18 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: From Fundamentals to Nanoelectronics)
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Abstract

Developing strategies for producing hydrogen economically and in greener ways is still an unaccomplished goal. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using photoelectrodes under neutral electrolyte conditions provides possibly one of the greenest routes to produce hydrogen. Here, we demonstrate that chlorophyll extracts can be used as an efficient exfoliant to exfoliate bulk MoS2 and WS2 to form a thin layer of a MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. Thin films of solution-processed MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets display photocurrent densities of −1 and −5 mA/cm2, respectively, and hydrogen evolution under simulated solar irradiation. The exfoliated WS2 is significantly more efficient than the exfoliated MoS2; however, the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure results in a 2500% increase in photocurrent densities compared to the individual constituents and over 12 h of PEC durability under a neutral electrolyte. Surprisingly, in real seawater, the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure exhibits stable hydrogen production after solar illumination for 12 h. The synthesis method showed, for the first time, how the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure can be used to produce hydrogen effectively. Our findings highlight the prospects for this heterostructure, which could be coupled with various processes towards improving PEC efficiency and applications.

1. Introduction

The origin of the industrial revolution has created the convenience of human life and the development of science and technology. People’s demand for energy has increased year by year, and the massive energy supplies are from fossil fuels, which lead to environmental pollution and extreme climate change. Hence, a clean and carbon-free energy source should be developed to preserve the environment [1,2]. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly, high-efficiency, and sustainable energy resources is an unaccomplished goal. Hydrogen fuel has long been regarded as a substitute for fossil fuels and has the advantage of being a clean and sustainable energy source [3]. Since the electrolysis of water requires a lot of electric energy, the energy released by the combustion of water-splitting-generated hydrogen will not be equal to the consumed electric energy. Solar energy is generally regarded as a free, abundant, and continuously renewable clean energy source that can fulfill future human energy needs. Therefore, solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is regarded as an alternative method and offers promising approaches to convert solar energy into storable and environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel.
After the first report of the Honda–Fujishima effect [4], Honda et al. demonstrated that the electrochemical photolysis of water can be achieved by utilizing semiconductor-based materials. However, the materials absorb solar energy to induce water splitting to generate H2 fuel, which was limited by the following factors: (1) poor absorption in the visible region, (2) fast electron–hole recombination, and (3) limited active sites [5]. To overcome these bottlenecks, several strategies such as co-catalysts [6,7,8], band gap engineering [9,10], and the construction of a heterojunction [11] were proposed. Therefore, researchers have been committed to designing semiconductor-based materials with a variety of structural morphologies to enhance photolysis performances for a variety of photocatalytic applications.
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layered materials have recently attracted renewed interest because of their superior light–matter interactions. These interactions originate from their intrinsic two-dimensionality, d-electron orbital character, and anisotropic structure. Usually, they absorb 5−10% of incident light in the visible range, and the exfoliated thin sheets have shown photovoltaic characteristics. A range of optoelectronic devices predominantly based on thin sheets have been demonstrated [12,13,14]. The pristine two-dimensional thin sheet results in a direct band gap in the visible range, such as ∼2.0 eV for tungsten disulfide (WS2) and ∼1.8 eV for molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) [15], while in bulk form, they retain an indirect band gap of between 1.1 and 1.4 eV. These two materials have the same crystal structure and present a similar electronic band structure. According to computational studies [16], the valence band position of MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets is more positive than the water oxidation potential (1.23 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) [17,18]. However, their bulk forms do not achieve the thermodynamic criteria for PEC water splitting. Hence, the use of two-dimensional (2D) thin sheets as photocatalysts would have great advantages over bulk form materials, such as increased specific active sites and the lack of crystallographic defects on the surface. Moreover, the versatility of the 2D thin sheet materials offered by the deposition from the liquid phase suspension can facilitate the fabrication of novel heterojunction systems [19]. Here, we report a one-pot synthesis of the exfoliated MoS2/WS2 thin sheet heterostructure by using the exfoliant of chlorophyll extracts with the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Chlorophyll is a major pigment used in natural photosynthesis and is one of nature’s abundant materials on earth. The molecular structure of chlorophyll is a conjugated π-electronic structure. Owing to the π–π interaction, it could spontaneously lie parallel on a flat surface such as graphene and TMDs [20]. The heterostructure exhibits a photocurrent density 2500% greater than that of films at zero potential comprised of the individual constituents. This is attributed to the highly efficient exciton dissociation generated by the creation of MoS2/WS2 heterostructures [21]. The charge-separated states in the heterostructures have also been envisioned to be long-lived, even though the close distance of the generated holes and electrons increases the possibility of water splitting occurring [22]. The stability of the exfoliated MoS2/WS2 thin sheet heterostructure for more than 12 h was achieved in a neutral electrolyte. Moreover, in real seawater, the exfoliated MoS2/WS2 thin sheet heterostructure exhibits stable performance after continuous visible light illumination for 12 h. We believe that our findings will inspire the further development of novel heterostructure strategies that will provide the ability to enhance PEC performance and long-term stability for a multitude of 2D materials.

2. Materials and Methods

Chemicals. Molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS2, 99% metal basis, ∼325 mesh powder) and WS2 powder (99% metal basis; ∼325 mesh powder) were used. All solvents were analytical grade and used as received without further purification.
Preparation of extracted chlorophylls. Sapium sebiferum leaves (40 g) were ground by a pestle and mortar. Then, the smashed leaf powders were transferred to a 1 L beaker, and 1 L acetone was poured into the beaker. After stirring at 800 rpm for 8 h, the extracted chlorophylls were filtered through a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (0.22 mm) to remove impurities. The filtered solution of the extracted chlorophylls was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 h, and the precipitate was discarded. The solution concentration of the extracted chlorophylls was ∼5 mg/L. The sample was stored at −20 °C.
Synthesis of MoS2/WS2 nanosheet suspension. A total of 0.2 g WS2 and 0.2 g MoS2 were put in a double water jacket (passing 4 °C circulating cooling water), and 150 mL acetone and 0.64 mL chlorophyll extract were added. Then, an ultrasonic cell grinder (power 100 W) was used for 2 h, with 2 s of rest for every 10 s of sonication. After sonication, a dark green suspension was obtained, which was poured into a serum bottle for storage.
Preparation of MoS2/WS2 nanosheet composite electrode. The FTO (Florine Doped Tin Oxide) conductive glass (1 cm × 2 cm) was cleaned and placed into a glass bottle. Acetone was added, and a bath ultrasonic treatment was performed for 30 min. The prepared suspension solution was dropped (drop 100, 200, 300, ..., 800 μL, respectively) onto the conductive surface of the FTO conductive glass and baked at 180 °C for 30 min. The sample was cooled to room temperature for the electrochemical experiments. Figure S1 shows the representative morphology of MoS2/WS2 1:1 on FTO.
Characterization. The structural properties of the prepared materials were characterized by using a UV–Vis spectrometer (U-2900; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), fiber-coupled Raman spectrometer (532 nm; Horiba Jobin Yvon, Kyoto, Japan), X-ray diffraction (XRD; Bruker AXS D8 Advance, Karlsruhe, Germany), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; Thermo K-Alpha, Waltham, MA, USA), and JEOL Hitachi H-7100 transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Lifetime spectra of the materials were measured using a pulsed diode laser as an excitation source with a central emission wavelength of 375 nm (LDH-P-C-375B; PicoQuant GmbH, Berlin, Germany) and a photoluminescence spectrophotometer (PL; Hitachi F-7000, Tokyo, Japan). The ultrasonicator (Q700; Qsonica, Newtown, CT, USA) was utilized to exfoliate bulk WS2 to become thin sheets and to prepare a heterostructure of MoS2/WS2. The electrochemical properties were tested using the electrochemical workstation CHI 7927E (CH Instruments Inc., Austin, TX, USA). In this three-electrode system, the materials, Ag/AgCl, and the graphite rod act as a working electrode, reference electrode, and counter electrode, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS, CH Instruments Inc., Austin, TX, USA) was carried out from 1 Hz to 1000 kHz at 0.65 V potential.

3. Results and Discussions

To thoroughly characterize the chlorophyll-assisted exfoliated MoS2/WS2 heterostructures, both qualitative and quantitative characterizations are required. Figure 1a shows the optical absorbance spectra of the exfoliated TMD thin sheet. The two fully resolved absorbance bands at 608 and 668 nm resemble those results from a mechanically exfoliated MoS2 monolayer, which shows that the solution exfoliation method offers the presence of a large amount of exfoliated monolayer structures [23,24]. In addition, the exfoliated WS2 suspension shows an absorbance band at 621 nm, which indicates that the exfoliated WS2 sheets in the dispersions were close to the monolayer [25,26]. Additionally, the mixed bulk MoS2 and WS2 powder can be successfully exfoliated to thin sheets [27], and the exfoliated MoS2/WS2 suspension shows the characteristic absorbance bands of the monolayer MoS2 and WS2, as shown in Figure 1a (reddish line). Figure 1b shows no significant decay in the absorbance of the chlorophyll-assisted exfoliated mixed thin sheet suspension, indicating the superior stability of the chlorophyll-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method in the scalable production of TMDs.
The TEM images (Figure 2a,b) show that the bulk MoS2 and the bulk WS2 were exfoliated into thin sheets with the assistance of the extracted chlorophylls. Figure S2 shows the TEM image of the bulk MoS2 material. Figure 2c shows the TEM image of the exfoliated MoS2/WS2 suspension. Figure 2d–f show the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) characterization of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. The Mo and W signals are mixed together, confirming that the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets can be homogeneously distributed in the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure via a one-pot liquid phase synthesis method.
To understand the chemical composition of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure, XPS was utilized to analyze the chemical properties of Mo, W, and S. Figure 3a shows the Mo 3d spectrum on the sample of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. The Mo 3d spectrum shows peaks centered at 229.3 and 232.4 eV, representing the Mo4+ 3d5/2 and Mo4+ 3d3/2 components of the semiconducting type MoS2. The other peaks at 228.6 and 231.4 eV are attributed to the Mo4+ 3d5/2 and Mo4+ 3d3/2 components of the metallic type MoS2, respectively. Figure 3b shows the peaks at 32.7 eV, 34.9 eV, and 37.6 eV, which correspond to the W 4f7/2, W 4f5/2, and W 5p3/2 components, respectively. Similarly, in the S 2p core-level XPS spectrum, Figure 3c shows two peaks at 162.2eV and 163.4 eV in the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure sample, indicating that the S atoms retain their pristine property [28,29,30,31]. These results are superior to those of electrochemically exfoliated TMD sheets that oxidize the sulfur to form sulfur oxides.
To understand the intrinsic properties of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets in the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure, a non-destructive Raman spectroscopy technique was used. Figure 4 shows the Raman spectra of the exfoliated MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2. For the exfoliated MoS2 thin sheets, two peaks can be observed at 384 cm−1 and 406 cm−1 corresponding to E12g and A1g, respectively. The measured difference between the two modes of the exfoliated MoS2 thin sheets is 22 cm−1, indicating that the monolayer MoS2 structure was successfully prepared [32]. For the exfoliated WS2 thin sheets, the E12g and A1g values are 351 cm−1 and 420 cm−1 [33], respectively. The intensity of E12g is two times higher than that of A1g, indicating that the thickness of the exfoliated WS2 sheets remains a monolayer structure [33]. Moreover, the Raman spectrum of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure shows a profile identical to the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets, which further supports our proposed one-pot synthesis method for successfully preparing the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. Figure 4b shows the XRD analysis of the bulk form and phase of exfoliated materials of MoS2, WS2, and the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. The bulk MoS2 and bulk WS2 show very strong (002) peaks at the diffraction angle of 2θ = 14.4°, and the subsequent peaks of 29°, 32.6°, 33.5°, 39.5°, 44.2°, 49.8°, and 58.4° correspond to the crystal planes of (004), (100), (101), (103), (006), (105), and (008), respectively [34,35,36]. After exfoliating the bulk TMDs to achieve thin sheets, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (002) peak of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets is broader than the bulk form, demonstrating the formation of TMD thin sheets [36]. Moreover, the XRD spectrum of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure shows the same FWHM of the (002) peak of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets, indicating that the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 will not reaggregate to the bulk form.
The PEC activity for the hydrogen evolution of MoS2 and WS2 thin sheets and their MoS2/WS2 heterostructure was studied. The PEC properties were carried out in a complete PEC cell using an aqueous electrolyte under neutral conditions. Na2SO4 was utilized as the electrolyte because it does not interact or interfere with most of the electrode or electrochemical reactions, respectively. Besides, the Na2SO4 electrolyte provides no environment for H+ generation. Hence, the actual water splitting performance of the materials can be determined. Figure S3 shows linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of the exfoliated single material and MoS2/WS2 heterostructure under dark and light conditions. MoS2/WS2 1:1 shows the highest PEC performance compared to the single component of the exfoliated material. Chronoamperometry (CA) scans (Figure 5a) under chopped irradiation using a 250 W Xe lamp with a UV filter (420 nm) confirm the photocurrent generated by the MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 heterostructure electrodes. The applied voltage was 0 V. All three samples show an ultrafast PEC current response when the visible light source was changed between the on and off states. In the visible light-on condition, the decay of the PEC current is caused by the photogenerated electron and hole recombination. When the visible light was turned off, the photogenerated electrons and holes at the surface of the materials immediately vanished. Under the same illumination conditions, the peak PEC current density of the exfoliated MoS2, WS2, MoS2/WS2 3:1, MoS2/WS2 1:1, and MoS2/WS2 1:3 is −1, −5, −12, −25, and −15 μA/cm2, respectively. The photocurrent of the MoS2/WS2 (1:1) electrode shows a 2500% and 500% enhancement compared to those of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2, respectively.
To shed light on the amount of photogenerated electrons and the change in voltage, open current potential (OCP) measurements were conducted, which give information about the surface recombination. Figure 5b shows the OCP of the TMD electrode under chopped irradiation. We observe that the MoS2/WS2 1:1 photoelectrode shows the highest change in OCP. This result demonstrates that the surface recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes in the MoS2/WS2 1:1 heterojunction is inhibited, which indicates that much more effective charges are used to perform the water reduction reaction. Hence, the formation of a heterogeneous structure can significantly enhance the separation of electrons and holes during light irradiation.
To deduce the charge transport properties of the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed. Figure 6a shows the Nyquist plots of MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1, which are performed under light illumination at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The solid line represents the real resistance data of the sample, and the dashed line represents the charge transfer resistance (Rct) obtained by fitting the measured data using Z view software. The semicircle in the middle is the high-frequency region in EIS, and the resistance is dominated by charge transfer. In Figure 6a, we can observe that MoS2/WS2 1:1 shows a smaller arc than that of MoS2 and WS2. Hence, the value of Rct for the MoS2/WS2 1:1 electrode is decreased compared to the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2, which demonstrates the highly efficient electron–hole separation. That is, the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs could be achieved in the MoS2/WS2 1:1 heterojunction catalyst by transferring the charges to the surface-active sites and participating in the water reduction to generate H2. The photocatalytic stability of the MoS2/WS2 1:1 catalyst was investigated by monitoring the generated current density of H2. As shown in Figure S4, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) experiments were performed under a Na2SO4 neutral electrolyte. A negligible difference in the H2 evolution current density is observed within a working period of over 12 h at 0 V under a neutral condition. However, as a single salt neutral electrolyte solution does not represent a real-world environment, the hydrogen generation performance of the prepared MoS2/WS2 1:1 PEC catalyst was performed in a real-world sample (e.g., seawater) to demonstrate its stability behavior. On the basis of the ultimate goal of seawater electrolysis, hydrogen production is still an ongoing challenge. A critical issue is that most of the catalysts tend to decompose and/or deteriorate in a high-salinity condition, usually showing inferior performance and instability. Therefore, seawater, the most abundant environment in the world, is used to demonstrate the PEC hydrogen generation performance of the prepared MoS2/WS2 to further expand its practical application. Figure 6b shows that the prepared MoS2/WS2 heterostructure catalyst showed no more than a 15% decrease at a current density of ∼60 mA/cm2 after operation for 12 h, indicating the excellent photocatalytic durability of MoS2/WS2 1:1 under a high-salinity condition.
To evaluate the photoinduced electron–hole pair separation capability of the materials, a PL spectroscopy study was carried out. In general, it has been widely shown that a higher PL intensity indicates a fast rate of electron–hole pair recombination, leading to inferior HER performance. Figure 7a shows the PL spectra of the as-prepared MoS2/WS2 1:1. Obviously, the exfoliated MoS2 shows the highest PL intensity, indicating the fastest recombination rate of the photogenerated charges [37,38]. When MoS2 was mixed with WS2 to form the MoS2/WS2 1:1 heterostructure, the emission intensity decreased, indicating that the photogenerated electron–hole pairs separated more efficiently. As per Figure 7b, when the heterostructure was prepared, there was an increase in the contribution of the average fluorescence quenching time. This increment indicates the evolution of new radiative pathways, which boost the transfer of a greater number of photoexcited electrons for HER. Similar observations were reported in the case of a WS2–BiOCl composite [39].
In order to explore the mechanism of photocatalysis, the bandgap and conduction band position (or flat band potential (Efb)) of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 were studied. The bandgap of the materials was measured by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Figure 8a,b show that the bandgap of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets is 1.76 eV and 1.9 eV, respectively. The Efb of the materials was subjected to Mott–Schottky analysis under dark conditions. As shown in Figure 8c,d, the slope of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 was positive, indicating n-type semiconductor characteristics [40]. Generally, for n-type semiconductors, the actual Efb value is 0.3 V lower than the Efb value measured by the Mott–Schottky method, so the conduction band potential (relative to Ag/AgCl) of MoS2 and WS2 is −0.13 eV and −0.29 eV, respectively [25,41]. Therefore, combining the results of the bandgap and Efb of the materials, the calculated valence band potentials of MoS2 and WS2 were 1.33 eV and 1.31 eV, respectively. A possible photocatalytic mechanism of the MoS2/WS2 1:1 heterostructure is demonstrated in Figure 9. The Efb of WS2 is more negative than the Efb of MoS2; therefore, the electrons were forced to flow from the high-energy WS2 conduction band to the lower-energy MoS2 conduction band. At the same time, they generated holes in the valance band of MoS2 and WS2 where they are trapped by lactate ions in the solution. Therefore, the recombination between photoinduced electrons and holes can be efficiently suppressed. According to the literature report [29,42], the photocatalytic scheme of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure could be attributed to a Type II scheme. The increase in photocatalytic activity of the MoS2/WS2 1:1 heterostructure is due to the suitable band structure and low electron–hole recombination rate compared to the individual materials. As a consequence, more photoinduced electrons can be used for water splitting.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, a simple, green, and effective one-pot synthesis was proposed to prepare the novel MoS2/WS2 heterostructure involving chlorophyll extracts as exfoliants under liquid-phase exfoliation. The exfoliant-assisted exfoliation approach provided a high-efficiency method for the scalable production of thin TMD heterostructures. The MoS2/WS2 heterostructure showed high photocatalytic performance. In order to comprehensively unveil the internal mechanism of the MoS2/WS2 heterogeneous structure, the electrochemical and optical properties of the individual MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 heterostructure were studied. The MoS2/WS2 heterostructure can split water, evolving H2 gas in a neutral environment under illumination with simulated sunlight. This hydrogen evolution occurs without the assistance of any co-catalysts and protection layers. The magnitude of the efficiency is 2500% higher in MoS2/WS2 heterostructure electrodes. This enhancement can be attributed to the efficient electron–hole dissociation via the band alignment across the interfaces of the two materials and, therefore, the prolongation of the photoinduced charge separation lifetime against recombination. Our results provide a solution-processable, atomically thin material system with the proper bandgap in the visible region, paving the way toward developing next-generation photocatalysts for water splitting.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nano11092436/s1. Figure S1: SEM image of the MoS2/WS2 thin film on FTO, Figure S2: TEM image of the bulk TMDs (e.g., MoS2), Figure S3: LSV curves of the individual materials and composite under dark (d) and light (L) conditions, Figure S4: Irradiation time (x-axis) dependence of the HER for MoS2/WS2 1:1 (at 0 V in a Na2SO4 electrolyte).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, I.-W.P.C.; validation, Y.-M.L. and W.-S.L.; data curation, I.-W.P.C.; writing—original draft preparation, I.-W.P.C.; writing—review and editing, I.-W.P.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109-2628-M-143-001-MY3).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors also acknowledge C.-Y. Chien and S.-J. Ji of the Precious Instrument Center for their assistance with the TEM experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g001
Figure 1. (a) UV–Vis spectra, (b) comparative stability of chlorophyll-assisted exfoliated MoS2, WS2, and mixed MoS2/WS2 suspensions.
Figure 1. (a) UV–Vis spectra, (b) comparative stability of chlorophyll-assisted exfoliated MoS2, WS2, and mixed MoS2/WS2 suspensions.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g002
Figure 2. TEM images of (a) MoS2, (b) WS2, (c) MoS2/WS2 1:1; (d–f) EDS mapping images of MoS2/WS2.
Figure 2. TEM images of (a) MoS2, (b) WS2, (c) MoS2/WS2 1:1; (d–f) EDS mapping images of MoS2/WS2.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g003
Figure 3. XPS spectra of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. (a) Mo 3d, (b) W 4f, and (c) S 2p.
Figure 3. XPS spectra of the MoS2/WS2 heterostructure. (a) Mo 3d, (b) W 4f, and (c) S 2p.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g004
Figure 4. (a) Raman and (b) XRD spectra of the exfoliated MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1 thin sheets.
Figure 4. (a) Raman and (b) XRD spectra of the exfoliated MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1 thin sheets.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g005
Figure 5. (a) Transient photocurrent and (b) Open circuit potential electrochemical test of different samples. Light was turned on at 30 s.
Figure 5. (a) Transient photocurrent and (b) Open circuit potential electrochemical test of different samples. Light was turned on at 30 s.
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Figure 6. (a) Nyquist plots of MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1. (b) Irradiation time (x-axis) dependence of the HER for MoS2/WS2 1:1 (at 0 V in real seawater).
Figure 6. (a) Nyquist plots of MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1. (b) Irradiation time (x-axis) dependence of the HER for MoS2/WS2 1:1 (at 0 V in real seawater).
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Figure 7. (a) PL spectra and (b) time-resolved photoluminescence studies of MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1.
Figure 7. (a) PL spectra and (b) time-resolved photoluminescence studies of MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 1:1.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g008
Figure 8. (a,b) Tauc and (c,d) Mott–Schottky plots of MoS2 and WS2.
Figure 8. (a,b) Tauc and (c,d) Mott–Schottky plots of MoS2 and WS2.
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Nanomaterials 11 02436 g009
Figure 9. Photocatalytic mechanism of MoS2/WS2 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH = 7).
Figure 9. Photocatalytic mechanism of MoS2/WS2 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH = 7).
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Chen, I.-W.P.; Lai, Y.-M.; Liao, W.-S. One-Pot Synthesis of Chlorophyll-Assisted Exfoliated MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures via Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092436

AMA Style

Chen I-WP, Lai Y-M, Liao W-S. One-Pot Synthesis of Chlorophyll-Assisted Exfoliated MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures via Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(9):2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092436

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, I-Wen P., Yan-Ming Lai, and Wei-Sheng Liao. 2021. "One-Pot Synthesis of Chlorophyll-Assisted Exfoliated MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures via Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production" Nanomaterials 11, no. 9: 2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092436

APA Style

Chen, I.-W. P., Lai, Y.-M., & Liao, W.-S. (2021). One-Pot Synthesis of Chlorophyll-Assisted Exfoliated MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures via Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Nanomaterials, 11(9), 2436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092436

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