Early Recognition of the PCL/Fibrous Carbon Nanocomposites Interaction with Osteoblast-like Cells by Raman Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fabrication of Nanocomposite Membranes
2.2. Contact Angle Measurements and Surface Free Energy Evaluation
2.3. Cell Culture
2.4. Fluorescence Microscopy
2.5. Raman Microspectroscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Morphology of Membranes of PCL with Fibrous Carbon Nanoparticles
3.2. Contact Angle Measurements and Surface Free Energy (SFE)
3.3. The Comparison of Growth of U-2 OS Cells on the Membranes of PCL with Fibrous Carbon Nanoparticles
3.4. Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of the Membranes of PCL with Fibrous Carbon Nanoparticles/Cells Interactions
3.4.1. PCL Matrix Crystallinity
3.4.2. The Arrangement of Carbon Nanostructures
3.4.3. Raman Spectroscopy of U-2 OS Cell Development on PCL Membranes with Fibrous Carbon Nanoparticles
3.5. Morphology of U-2 OS Cells Growing on PCL Membranes with Fibrous Carbon Nanoparticles
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Contact Angle for Diiodomethane [°] | Surface Free Energy [mN/m] | Disperse Part [mN/m] | Polar Part [mN/m] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | StDev | Value | StDev | Value | StDev | Value | StDev | |
PCL | 29.31 | 2.76 | 45.83 | 1.42 | 44.51 | 1.12 | 1.32 | 0.29 |
PCL/MWCNTs | 26.58 | 4.80 | 47.66 | 2.36 | 45.57 | 1.80 | 2.09 | 0.56 |
PCL/MWCNTs-f | 25.98 | 3.07 | 46.70 | 1.60 | 45.83 | 1.13 | 0.88 | 0.48 |
PCL/ESCNFs | 29.31 | 3.20 | 45.93 | 1.62 | 44.51 | 1.30 | 1.43 | 0.32 |
PCL/ESCNFs-f | 35.71 | 3.02 | 42.88 | 2.02 | 41.70 | 1.42 | 1.19 | 0.60 |
Raman Bands [cm−1] | Assignment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCL | PCL/ MWCNTs | PCL/ MWCNTs-f | PCL/ ESCNFs | PCL/ ESCNFs-f | |
712 ± 1 | 712 ± 1 | 713 ± 2 | 713 ± 1 | 713 ± 2 | δ(CH2), δ(NH2), Gly; CS, Cys [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51] |
865 ± 1 | 862 ± 1 | 862 ± 2 | 861 ± 1 | 861 ± 2 | ν(C-COO) PCL (amorph); o.o.p. δ(CH2), Pro; collagen [20,43,45,52] |
913 ± 1 | 913 ± 1 | 912 ± 1 | 912 ± 1 | 912 ± 1 | ν(C-COO), PCL (cryst); τ(CH2)&τ(NH2), Gly; collagen [20,43,44,52] |
958 ± 1 | 958 ± 1 | 957 ± 1 | 958 ± 1 | 958 ± 1 | ν(C-COO), PCL; ring str., Pro [20,43,45] |
1038 ± 1 | 1038 ± 1 | 1037 ± 1 | 1038 ± 1 | 1037 ± 1 | ν(COC), PCL; ω(CH2), Pro; ν(CN)&ν(CC), Gly [20,43,44,45] |
1064 ± 1 | 1064 ± 1 | 1064 ± 1 | 1064 ± 1 | 1064 ± 1 | ν(COC), PCL (amorph) [20,43] |
1109 ± 1 | 1109 ± 1 | 1108 ± 1 | 1109 ± 1 | 1108 ± 1 | ν(COC), PCL (cryst); collagen [20,43,52] |
1284 ± 1 | 1284 ± 1 | 1284 ± 1 | 1283 ± 1 | 1283 ± 1 | ω(CH2), PCL (cyst); δ(CH2), Pro [20,43,45] |
1305 ± 1 | 1305 ± 1 | 1305 ± 1 | 1305 ± 1 | 1304 ± 1 | ω(CH2), PCL (cryst and amorph) [20,43] |
- | 1323 ± 1 | 1323 ± 1 | 1340 ± 2 | 1341 ± 2 | D1-disorder-induced A1g mode in graphite plane; δ(CH2), Pro [45,53,54] |
1418 ± 1 | 1418 ± 1 | 1418 ± 1 | 1418 ± 1 | 1418 ± 2 | δ(CH2), PCL; γ(CH2)), Gly [20,43,44,52] |
1441 ± 1 | 1441 ± 1 | 1441 ± 1 | 1441 ± 1 | 1441 ± 1 | δ(CH2), PCL (cryst.); δ(CH2), Pro [20,43,45] |
1469 ± 1 | 1468 ± 1 | 1467 ± 1 | 1466 ± 1 | 1470 ± 1 | δ(CH2)), PCL; collagen [20,43,52] |
- | 1587 ± 1 | 1585 ± 1 | 1584 ± 1 | 1585 ± 1 | corresponding to G-graphite tangential mode [30,31,53] |
- | 1615 ± 1 | 1614 ± 1 | 1615 ± 1 | 1614 ± 1 | D2-band due to due to in-plane defects and heteroatoms [54] |
1723 ± 1 | 1723 ± 1 | 1723 ± 1 | 1724 ± 1 | 1723 ± 1 | ν(C=O), PCL (cryst) [20,43] |
1732 ± 1 | 1733 ± 1 | 1733 ± 1 | 1732 ± 1 | 1723 ± 1 | ν(C=O), PCL (amorph) [20,43] |
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Wesełucha-Birczyńska, A.; Kołodziej, A.; Świętek, M.; Skalniak, Ł.; Długoń, E.; Pajda, M.; Błażewicz, M. Early Recognition of the PCL/Fibrous Carbon Nanocomposites Interaction with Osteoblast-like Cells by Raman Spectroscopy. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112890
Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Kołodziej A, Świętek M, Skalniak Ł, Długoń E, Pajda M, Błażewicz M. Early Recognition of the PCL/Fibrous Carbon Nanocomposites Interaction with Osteoblast-like Cells by Raman Spectroscopy. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112890
Chicago/Turabian StyleWesełucha-Birczyńska, Aleksandra, Anna Kołodziej, Małgorzata Świętek, Łukasz Skalniak, Elżbieta Długoń, Maria Pajda, and Marta Błażewicz. 2021. "Early Recognition of the PCL/Fibrous Carbon Nanocomposites Interaction with Osteoblast-like Cells by Raman Spectroscopy" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112890