Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review
Abstract
:1. Graphene and Nanodiamond—The Opposite Limits of Carbon at the Nanoscale
2. Graphene—Diamond Phase Transformations at Nanoscale
2.1. First Principle Calculations and Modeling
System | Evidence | References |
---|---|---|
Diamane | Atomistic first principles computations | [41] |
F-diamane | HRTEM, EELS | [42] |
H-diamane | Optical absorption, XRD | [43] |
LA10 phase | DFT | [44] |
Graphene Arch-Bridge | First principle calculations | [45] |
Diaphite | DFT, HRTEM | [46,47,48] |
2.2. Experimental Demonstration and Growth Mechanism
3. Graphene—Diamond Sensors and Biosensors
3.1. Electrochemical Sensors
3.2. Biosensors
4. Graphene—Diamond Interfaces and Heterojunctions
4.1. Friction, Tribology, and Mechanical Properties
4.2. Nanoelectronic and Spintronic Platforms
5. Other Applications
5.1. Energy Storage—Supercapacitors
5.2. Detectors and Light Sources
5.3. Materials’ Processing Technologies
5.4. Catalysis
5.5. Generation of Extreme Environments
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
0D: 1D: 2D, 3D | zero-, one-, two-, three-dimensional |
AFM | atomic force microscopy |
BD | boron-doped, e.g., BDND—boron-doped nanodiamond |
CVD | chemical vapor deposition |
DFT | density functional theory |
EDCL | electrochemical double-layer capacitance |
EFE | electron field emission |
FET | field-effect transistor |
GC | glassy carbon |
GO | graphene oxide |
GN | graphene |
HPHT | high-pressure high-temperature |
HRTEM | high-resolution transmission electron microscopy |
ML | multi-layer, e.g., MLGN—multi-layer graphene |
ND | nanodiamond |
NV | nitrogen-vacancy |
ORR | oxygen reduced reaction |
PCD | polycrystalline diamond compact |
RGO | reduced graphene oxide |
TBG | twisted bilayer graphene |
UNCD | ultra-nanocrystalline diamond |
UV | ultraviolet |
vdW | van der Waals |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
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System | Application | References |
---|---|---|
RGO/BDND | Protein sensor | [79] |
Diamond/GN nanoplatelets/Pt nanoparticle hybrid | L-Glutamate electrochemical sensor | [80] |
Ni nanoparticle-modified GN-diamond hybrid | Glucose sensor | [81] |
Plasmonic gold nanostructure/diamond-like film | SERS sensor | [82] |
Vertical GN sheets/separated papillary granules on ND film | ORR electrode | [83] |
BD diamond/GN nanowalls electrode | Detection of explosives | [84] |
GN/diamond electrode | Enantiomer recognition | [85] |
GN/BDND electrode | Epinephrine detection | [86] |
GO/BD-diamond electrode | Tetracycline detection | [87] |
GN/BD-diamond electrode | Electrochemical sensing of trace Pb2+ in seawater | [88] |
diamond, GN, and polyaniline/GC electrode | Electrochemical sensing of 2,4-dichlorophenol | [89] |
N-doped UNCD/MLGN film | Electrochemical sensor (Ag+) | [90] |
(Ag)GN-modified BD-diamond electrode | Electrochemical sensor of pesticides | [91,92] |
GN/BD-diamond electrode | Electrochemical sensor of biomarkers | [93] |
Few-layer GN/HPHT diamond electrode | Dopamine detection | [94] |
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Vejpravová, J. Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102469
Vejpravová J. Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(10):2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102469
Chicago/Turabian StyleVejpravová, Jana. 2021. "Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review" Nanomaterials 11, no. 10: 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102469